Verse:Mwail/Irenesian languages: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older editNewer edit →
IlL (talk | contribs)
Bots
143,281 edits
IlL (talk | contribs)
Bots
143,281 edits
mNo edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
In [[Verse:Angai]], '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''bry lleqang Dylethyzz'' /prə 'ɬɛʔaŋ tə'lɛθəz/ CLF language Dylath-ADJ) is a highly conservative [[Trans-Sarnathian languages|Trans-Sarnathian]] language with a Welsh-like grammar and a loosely Welsh-like aesthetic. Dylathian and its closest relatives are spoken in the Dylathian plateau and the Sarnathian mountain range in the borderlands of Aem-Zmaə, which contains Mt. ___, the highest mountain in Angai. Dylathian and its neighboring relatives are vital for reconstructing the early history of the Trans-Sarnathian branch.
In [[Verse:Angai]], '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''bry lleɂang Dylethyzz'' /prə 'ɬɛʔaŋ tə'lɛθəz/ CLF language Dylath-ADJ) is a highly conservative [[Trans-Sarnathian languages|Trans-Sarnathian]] language with a Welsh-like grammar and a loosely Welsh-like aesthetic. Dylathian and its closest relatives are spoken in the Dylathian plateau and the Sarnathian mountain range in the borderlands of Aem-Zmaə, which contains Mt. ___, the highest mountain in Angai. Dylathian and its neighboring relatives are vital for reconstructing the early history of the Trans-Sarnathian branch.


Standard Dylathian is the liturgical language of ___ (a version of Tibetan Buddhism).
Standard Dylathian is the liturgical language of ___ (a version of Tibetan Buddhism).
Line 6: Line 6:
PTS tilakt -> ''Dylath''
PTS tilakt -> ''Dylath''


PTS ʔlars 'life' -> ''qalarch'' "oneself"
PTS ʔlars 'life' -> ''ɂalarch'' "oneself"


PTS sleʔans -> (pry/yni) ''lleqang'' "speech"
PTS sleʔans -> (pry/yni) ''lleɂang'' "speech"


PTS tsʼajbʰ 'water' -> Dyl. (lly) ''tzqâf''
PTS tsʼajbʰ 'water' -> Dyl. (lly) ''tzɂaf''


PTS kʷʼē -> (wy/wng) ''cwqê'' 'egg'
PTS kʷʼē -> (wy/wng) ''cwɂe'' 'egg'


''mam'' '(specific person's) mother'
''mam'' '(specific person's) mother'
Line 18: Line 18:
''tad'' '(specific person's) father'
''tad'' '(specific person's) father'


''tzqan'' '1'
''tzɂan'' '1'


''mancwqynyll'' (sgv. ''mancwqynyllu'') 'mother(s) in general'
''mancwɂynyll'' (sgv. ''mancwɂynyllu'') 'mother(s) in general'


''tacwqynyll'' (sgv. ''tacwqynyllu'') 'father(s) in general'
''tacwɂynyll'' (sgv. ''tacwɂynyllu'') 'father(s) in general'


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Line 29: Line 29:
* '''b d dz ds g gw''' /p t ts ts{{ret}} k kʷ/
* '''b d dz ds g gw''' /p t ts ts{{ret}} k kʷ/
* '''p t tz ts c cw''' /pʰ tʰ tsʰ ts{{ret}}ʰ kʰ kʷʰ/
* '''p t tz ts c cw''' /pʰ tʰ tsʰ ts{{ret}}ʰ kʰ kʷʰ/
* '''pq tq tzq tsq cq cwq ''' /pʼ tʼ tsʼ ts{{ret}}ʼ kʼ kʷʼ/
* '''pɂ tɂ tzɂ tsɂ cɂ cwɂ ''' /pʼ tʼ tsʼ ts{{ret}}ʼ kʼ kʷʼ/
* '''ff th z s ch chw h q'''  /f θ s s{{ret}} x xʷ h ʔ/
* '''ff th z s ch chw h ɂ'''  /f θ s s{{ret}} x xʷ h ʔ/
* '''f dd zz w''' /v ð z w/
* '''f dd zz w''' /v ð z w/


Line 37: Line 37:


=== Vowels ===
=== Vowels ===
'''i e u y a w o''' /i ɛ ɨ ə a u ɔ/; long '''î ê û ŷ â ŵ ô'''
'''i e u y a w o''' /i ɛ ɨ ə a u ɔ/


=== Stress ===
=== Stress ===
Line 62: Line 62:
Alienable possession uses possessed classifiers:
Alienable possession uses possessed classifiers:


''rhwng qotqrâb rhyngoch'' (CLF AGT-love CLF-1SG) or ''rhyngoch qotqrâb'' (CLF-1SG AGT-love) 'my lover'
''rhwng ɂotɂrâb rhyngoch'' (CLF AGT-love CLF-1SG) or ''rhyngoch ɂotɂrâb'' (CLF-1SG AGT-love) 'my lover'


==== Inalienable possession ====
==== Inalienable possession ====
Line 72: Line 72:


=== Numerals ===
=== Numerals ===
There is no isolated word for "one". Counting uses a word ''cwyzy'' that was formerly "once/an occurrence" (cf. Slavic '''raz''' dva tri...). Otherwise, the singulative form of the noun in question is used, when necessary emphasized with ''qâzz'' 'only'.
There is no isolated word for "one". Counting uses a word ''cwyzy'' that was formerly "once/an occurrence" (cf. Slavic '''raz''' dva tri...). Otherwise, the singulative form of the noun in question is used, when necessary emphasized with ''ɂâzz'' 'only'.


=== TAM auxiliaries ===
=== TAM auxiliaries ===
Line 80: Line 80:


=== Is-a ===
=== Is-a ===
Tsoi che'w tacwqynyll (AUX 1SG among father_in_general) 'I am a father'
Tsoi che'w tacwɂynyll (AUX 1SG among father_in_general) 'I am a father'


=== Is-the ===
=== Is-the ===

Revision as of 15:56, 30 November 2024

In Verse:Angai, Mwail/Irenesian languages (bry lleɂang Dylethyzz /prə 'ɬɛʔaŋ tə'lɛθəz/ CLF language Dylath-ADJ) is a highly conservative Trans-Sarnathian language with a Welsh-like grammar and a loosely Welsh-like aesthetic. Dylathian and its closest relatives are spoken in the Dylathian plateau and the Sarnathian mountain range in the borderlands of Aem-Zmaə, which contains Mt. ___, the highest mountain in Angai. Dylathian and its neighboring relatives are vital for reconstructing the early history of the Trans-Sarnathian branch.

Standard Dylathian is the liturgical language of ___ (a version of Tibetan Buddhism).

Lexicon

PTS tilakt -> Dylath

PTS ʔlars 'life' -> ɂalarch "oneself"

PTS sleʔans -> (pry/yni) lleɂang "speech"

PTS tsʼajbʰ 'water' -> Dyl. (lly) tzɂaf

PTS kʷʼē -> (wy/wng) cwɂe 'egg'

mam '(specific person's) mother'

tad '(specific person's) father'

tzɂan '1'

mancwɂynyll (sgv. mancwɂynyllu) 'mother(s) in general'

tacwɂynyll (sgv. tacwɂynyllu) 'father(s) in general'

Phonology

Consonants

  • m n ng l r ll rh /m n ŋ l r ɬ r̥/
  • b d dz ds g gw /p t ts ts̠ k kʷ/
  • p t tz ts c cw /pʰ tʰ tsʰ ts̠ʰ kʰ kʷʰ/
  • pɂ tɂ tzɂ tsɂ cɂ cwɂ /pʼ tʼ tsʼ ts̠ʼ kʼ kʷʼ/
  • ff th z s ch chw h ɂ /f θ s s̠ x xʷ h ʔ/
  • f dd zz w /v ð z w/
Notes
  • All consonants are longer and use more airflow than in English. In fact, so much airflow is used that final stops are released unlike in the language's monosyllabic tonal relatives.

Vowels

i e u y a w o /i ɛ ɨ ə a u ɔ/

Stress

Stress is consistently penultimate.

Grammar

"Colloquial Welsh with classifiers"

Nouns

As in reconstructed Proto-Trans-Sarnathian, most nouns have an unmarked form and a marked form (called the singulative for sake of convenience) that is only used for indefinite singular nouns. Like Welsh plurals, the singulative is unpredictable and is marked with a suffix, vowel changes, or both.

For the definite article, the appropriate classifier is used, except for inalienably possessed nouns; the number is marked on the classifier.

Certain nouns for blood relatives have no singulative form, e.g. mam '(specific person's) mother' and tad '(specific person's) father'.

List of classifiers

  • sg. dyn, pl. bôl: people
  • sg. wy, pl. wng: round objects
  • lly: mass nouns
  • sg. rhwng, pl. rhyngy: non-blood social relationships
  • sg. pry, pl. yni: abstractions
  • sg. un, pl. au: generic classifier

Personal inflection of classifiers

Alienable possession

Alienable possession uses possessed classifiers:

rhwng ɂotɂrâb rhyngoch (CLF AGT-love CLF-1SG) or rhyngoch ɂotɂrâb (CLF-1SG AGT-love) 'my lover'

Inalienable possession

mam-och (or just mam) 'my mother', tad-och (or just tad) 'my father', ...

(No classifier is used for blood relations)


Numerals

There is no isolated word for "one". Counting uses a word cwyzy that was formerly "once/an occurrence" (cf. Slavic raz dva tri...). Otherwise, the singulative form of the noun in question is used, when necessary emphasized with ɂâzz 'only'.

TAM auxiliaries

Inflected for person and number (inherited from Proto-Trans-Sarnathian)

Verbs

The word order is "T1 S T2 V O".

Is-a

Tsoi che'w tacwɂynyll (AUX 1SG among father_in_general) 'I am a father'

Is-the

Che lym tadal (1SG who_is father-2SG) 'I am your father'

Clausal syntax

Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Verse:Mwail/Irenesian_languages&oldid=396570"