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| feminine > abstract > honorific | | feminine > abstract > honorific |
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| ==Witcanese==
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| Wetcanese is a mainly agglutinative, head-final language.
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| :''Kòtih wanaih kèpwanchè.''
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| ::<small>1SG.GEN-ERG mother-ERG 1SG.ABS-hate-WIT</small>
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| ::My mother used to hate me.
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| ===Phonology===
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| Wetcanese has a simple syllable structure relative to most European languages. Permissible syllable shapes are V, CV, VC, CVC, CGV, and CGVC where G is a glide.
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|
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| ===Grammar===
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| ====Nouns====
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| ! colspan="5"| '''Noun Declension'''
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| |-
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| !scope="row" width="110px"|Number→<br/>Case↓
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| !colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Singular
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| !colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Plural
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Absolutive
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| |colspan="2"|''-0''
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| |colspan="2"|''-w'', ''-u''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Ergative
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| |colspan="2"|''-ih''
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| |colspan="2"|''-wih''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Dative
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| |colspan="2"|''-af''
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| |colspan="2"|''-waf''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Locative
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| |colspan="2"|''-him''
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| |colspan="2"|''-uhim'', ''-whim''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Ablative
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| |colspan="2"|''-chay''
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| |colspan="2"|''-uchay'', ''-wchay''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Comitative
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| |colspan="2"|''-yã''
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| |colspan="2"|''-uyã'', ''-wyã''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Instrumental
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| |colspan="2"|''-run''
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| |colspan="2"|''-urun'', ''-wrun''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Essive
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| |colspan="2"|''-hòg''
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| |colspan="2"|''-uhòg'', ''-whòg''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Genitive
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| |colspan="4"|''-t-'' (see Genitive declension)
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| |-
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| |}
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|
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| ====Adjectives and Genitives====
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| Adjectives (including genitives) agree with the noun in case and number. Adjectives take the same endings as nouns. However, many adjectives are genitive adjectives formed form nouns, corresponding to the adjectival suffix in other languages.
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| ! colspan="5"| '''Genitive Declension'''
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| |-
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| !scope="row" width="110px"|Number→<br/>Case↓
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| !colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Singular
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| !colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Plural
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Absolutive
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| |colspan="2"|''-t''
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| |colspan="2"|''-tèw''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Ergative
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| |colspan="2"|''-tih''
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| |colspan="2"|''-twih''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Dative
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| |colspan="2"|''-taf''
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| |colspan="2"|''-twaf''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Locative
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| |colspan="2"|''-thim''
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| |colspan="2"|''-tuhim''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Ablative
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| |colspan="2"|''-tchay''
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| |colspan="2"|''-tuchay''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Comitative
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| |colspan="2"|''-tyã''
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| |colspan="2"|''-tuyã''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Instrumental
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| |colspan="2"|''-tèrun''
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| |colspan="2"|''-turun''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Essive
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| |colspan="2"|''-thòg''
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| |colspan="2"|''-tuhòg''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Genitive
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| |colspan="4"|''-tèt-''
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| |-
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| |}
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|
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| ====Verbs====
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| Verbs in Wetcanese have no tense or aspect inflection; instead, there is evidentiality and mood which can do double duty as certain tenses The irrealis is the default, unmarked mood/evidentiality, serving the role of the infinitive or the future in other languages.
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 275px; text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2"| '''Wetcanese mood/evidentiality affixes'''
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| |-
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| ! width="110px"|irrealis
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| | width="165px"|''-Ø''
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| |-
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| !|witness
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| |''-chè''
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| |-
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| !|emphatic
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| |''-kòd''
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| |-
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| !|jurative
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| |''-tèmuh''
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| |-
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| !|quotative
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| |''-sha''
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| |-
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| !|mirative
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| |''-quh''
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| |-
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| !|hearsay
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| |''-ot''
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| |-
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| !|inferential
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| |''-eq''
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| |-
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| !|assumptive
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| |''-rwè''
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| |-
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| !|optative
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| |''-mes''
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| |-
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| !|imperative
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| |''-wõ''
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| |-
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| !|potential
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| |''-hiw''
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| |-
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| !|desiderative
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| |''-pãs''
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| |-
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| !|admonitive
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| |''-ay''
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| |-
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| !|permissive
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| |''-hyè''
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| |}
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|
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| :''Phátu nuku'''chè'''...''
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| ::''When did I last see it... (lit. When it was_located-I saw...)''
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| The mirative marks new information that the speaker is witnessing. It often corresponds to present tense. In narratives it is used to exhort the listener for attention.
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| :''Qayòlih milám huga'''quh'''.''
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| ::''Hey, the demon's chasing the dog!/Behold, the demon chased the dog.''
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| The quotative is used for information from third-party sources deemed to be authoritative. As such it is the evidential most often encountered in narratives.
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| :''Qayòlih milám huga'''sha'''.''
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| ::''The demon chased the dog. (narrative)''
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| The admonitive is used in prohibitions and warnings, and for negative purpose clauses.
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| :''Phi qhashãs'''ay'''''
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| ::''Do not wander around''
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| :''ha ãbè mòsip'''ay'''''
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| ::''lest this be forgotten''
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| Wetcanese makes use of verbal affixes, instead of intonation (like English) or word order (as in some European languages and Celtic/Hebrew), in order to focus a constituent.
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 275px; text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="2"| '''Focus prefixes'''
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| |-
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| ! width="110px"|absolutive
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| | width="165px"|''ne-''
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| |-
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| !|ergative
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| |''hin-''
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| |-
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| !|beneficiary
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| |''mac-''
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| |-
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| !|instrument
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| |''qo-''
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| |-
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| !|location
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| |''ya-''
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| |-
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| !|source
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| |''hòt-''
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| |-
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| !|goal
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| |''up-''
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| |-
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| !|time
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| |''al-''
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| |}
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| ==TAM session== | | ==TAM session== |