Naeng/Classical

Classical Wiobian
wüöbem Muts
Pronunciation	[/wyːøbəm muːts/]
Created by	IlL
Extinct	Developed into Early Middle Wiobian in 400 v.C.
Language family	Gamedan Wiobic Classical Wiobian
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qwb

Sandbox
Lexicon
Wiobian verse
About Wiobian music
engunn&fiungs mieh Wäls tur Wiob-Hien! ("View this page in Wiobian!")
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Classical Wiobian or Ancient Wiobian is the oldest attested form of Wiobian, used as a spoken language until 400 v.C.

Notes on notation

• ⁱ - denotes i-umlaut of the root.
• ^u - denotes u-umlaut of the root.

Orthography

See also: Wiobian/Script.

Phonology

Phonotactics

(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)

Consonants

Classical Wiobian features a system of 25 consonants (comparable to Themsarian, with 22 consonants).

Voiceless plosives were not aspirated. Auslautverhärtung occurs word-finally.

Late Classical Wiobian consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Co-articulated	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/		ŧ /!~ǀ/	k /k/		Ø /ʔ-/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/		đ /ɡ!~ɡǀ/	g /ɡ/
Fricative	voiceless	f /f/	ß /s/		sch /ɧ/	ch /x/		h /h/
	voiced	w /v/	s /z/
Affricate		pf /pf/	z /ts/
Trill							r /ʀ/
Approximant			l /l/	j /j/

n assimilates before palatal plosives to [ɲ] and before velar plosives to /ŋ/.

A syllable cannot begin with a vowel in Wiobian. The "null" initial in the orthography is actually the glottal stop initial.

In early Classical Wiobian /h/ and /x/ were allophones in free variation.

The gemination sign, transcribed as c, is often used in early classical texts. It acts like the Japanese sokuon symbol: wecl /welː/ 'slide! (2nd person singular)'. By late Classical Wiobian most gemination signs fell into disuse and were replaced with double letters. c only survived as part of the graphemes -ck for long k, and ch [x], which must have been in complementary distribution with h [h] by that time, in view of the fact that Nuß-Duom&Eik lists [h] and [x] as distinct sounds.

Vowels

The vowel system is more complex, distinguishing about 9 vowel qualities with length in stressed syllables.

Vowel length was not directly marked on the vowel. In Early Classical Wiobian each vowel had an independent length. This changed in Late Classical Wiobian when vowels before single consonants were lengthened and vowels before two consonants were shortened, so that the orthographic final came to determine vowel length. Thus, Tumm 'bird' and trum 'flat' are respectively pronounced in Early Classical Wiobian /tuːmː/ and /trum/, which in Late Classical Wiobian became /tumː/ and /truːm/. Glottal stop finals were also deleted to trigger compensatory lengthening of the vowel, and final [-h] also disappeared, which is why open long vowels are written with an -h after the vowel.

Classical Wiobian vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	ie, i /iː/	ü /y/	ü /yː/			u /u/	u /uː/
Close-mid	e /e/	e /eː/	ö /ø/	ö /øː/	e /ə/		o /o/	o /oː/
Open-mid	ä /ɛ/	ä /ɛː/					å /ɔ/	å /ɔː/
Open					a /a/	a /aː/

Diphthongs: au aü ei /ai/ io iu uo üö

Umlaut processes

Wiobian history and morphology are affected by umlaut processes. The precise conditions are yet to be determined.

i-umlaut:

• a + i > ä
• e + i > i
• o + i > ö
• u + i > ü
• au + i > aü
• io + i > üö
• ia + i > ie
• iu + i > ü

u-umlaut:

• a(:) + u > å(:)
• e + u > ö
• i + u > ü
• io + u > üö
• iu + u > ü

a-umlaut:

• u + a > o
• i + a > e

Stress

Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress.

Grammar

Parts of speech

Classical Wiobian inflected nouns with endings. Case/number and personal endings were eventually elided or turned into tone distinctions. Writers were nevertheless expected to write all case and personal endings, until the 1811 v.C. re-standardization of the orthography abolished personal endings as well as most number/case endings.

Nouns

Gender

Nouns have two genders, animate and inanimate. Nouns of each gender take their respective verb endings and pronouns in Classical Wiobian.

Number

Classical Wiobian has many morphological ways of forming plurals, some of which may be combined.

• -e suffix
• -er collective suffix
• -(e)t suffix
• Þe- prefix
• ⁱ "de-umlauting" the singular stem (Þrömm 'wall' > Þromm 'walls')
• ^u-e u-umlaut

The plural form of a noun was unpredictable. Thus many speakers, especially non-Gamedan speaking foreigners, found this system chaotic and opted for the most common number used, usually singular for highly individualized nouns and plural for collective nouns. Thus Modern Wiobian has grammatical number only for some common nouns referring to people.

Case endings

In Classical Wiobian, nouns are also inflected in 5 cases:

• Nominative: subject
• Accusative: direct object, some adverbial expressions
• Dative: indirect object, some adverbial expressions, possessor after Classical Wiobian
• Genitive: it's your bog-standard genitive case.
  • The genitive is often "hyphenated" to the word it modifies because of its ambiguity. In particular, the genitive noun must be hyphenated to the head noun whenever the genitive noun is not modified by an adjective. Cf. similar rules for compounds in Trây.
• Predicative: predicate

In Modern Wiobian, there is no number and case inflection (the dative remains in fossilized expressions).

First declension
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	Gein	Geiner
Accusative	Geine	Geinern
Genitive	Gein-	Geiner-
Dative	Geins	Geinerns
Predicative	Geine	Geiner

Wiobian uses the indefinite article ƕiem 'one' for indefinite singular nouns. This is one of the only ways number is still indicated in modern Wiobian.

Adjectives

Adjectives may take the same case endings as nouns or, more commonly, take no ending. Adjectives in the predicative position, however, must have the predicative ending.

Degree

Wiobian uses analytic constructions for degrees of adjectives.

In Classical Wiobian, to form the comparative one attaches the semi-serial verb &kloh ('cross') to the predicative form of the adjective. (The same applies to verbs.) The standard of comparison is in the accusative. The superlative is identical to the comparative.

in biule&klöhen mie Winke.

[ʔin ˌbiuləˈkløːən ˈmiə ˌwiŋkə]

1SG.NOM just-PRED=cross/PRES-1SG this-ACC.SG mortal-ACC.SG

I am more upright than this man.

Classical Wiobian forms the negative comparative by using the adverb quäs hioleng after the finite verb. The standard of comparison is in the dative.

ofel in dräzzzime quäs hioleng mis.

[ˈʔoːvəl ˈʔiːn ˈdrɛcːˌciːmə ˈkʷɛːç ˌhioˈleŋː ˈmiːç]

behold 1SG.NOM sinful-PRED less below this-DAT.SG

Indeed, I am less sinful than he.

Pronouns

The full case inflection is still upheld for personal pronouns in Modern Wiobian.

Personal pronouns

Person →	1		2
Number →	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Case ↓
Nominative	in	ƕind	i	lind
Accusative	inne	ƕien	ie	lien
Genitive	inno	ƕio	io	lio
Dative	ins	ƕiens	ies	liens
Predicative	inte	ƕinte	iete	linte

Wiobian lacks true third-person pronouns. The closest equivalents are the demonstratives mi 'this' and a 'that'.

In Modern Wiobian in 'I' is often used when referring to an object or place central to the deixis or discourse, "the way a camera would talk". It can also refer to an object or person with which the speaker identifies with intimately or closely. (Of course, the actual "me" is presumed to be outside of the domain of discourse.) Examples:

• for a trivial example, the player character in a video game
• when describing what happened to one's friend or pet
• as an empathy-signalling device.

'''''

Whoa, your professor was such a prick to you [lit. me]!

Verbs

Verbs have stem forms for present, past and verbal noun which are not always distinct. (A similar but more well preserved system is found in Themsarian). Verbs are often additionally marked by auxiliary words to disambiguate the tense, because most forms are identical or very similar.

The three principal parts are thus the present imperative, the past 2s form and the verbal noun.

The citation form is the present stem, which is also the short 2nd person singular imperative in Classical Wiobian.

Jussive endings are only found in Classical Wiobian.

Personal endings

In Classical Wiobian, the verb is also inflected for person.

Here the superscript ⁱ denotes umlaut of stems of "athematic" verbs.

Imperative endings
	Singular	Plural
1	-	[PRESENT]-n
2	[PRESENT]-(t)	[PRESENT]-l

Present tense endings
	Singular	Plural
1	[PRESENT]i-n	[PRESENT]-m(e)
2	[PRESENT]i-e	[PRESENT]-l
3.m	[PRESENT]-n	[PRESENT]i-e
3.f	[PRESENT]i-s

Jussive endings
	Singular	Plural
1	[PRESENT]i-n	[PRESENT]-m(e)
3.m	[PRESENT]-m(e)	[PRESENT]i-e
3.f	[PRESENT]i-se

Past tense endings
	Singular	Plural
1	[PAST]i-n	[PAST]-m(e)
2	[PAST]-e	[PAST]-l
3.m	[PAST]-n	[PAST]i-e
3.f	[PAST]-Ø

Formation of verbal principal parts

Quiet! I'm figuring out the morphology to produce the principal parts

A combination of redup, ablaut, infixing and prefixing... huh sounds a lot like PIE (also the whole idea of principal parts)!

• peh-~pie-, pie-, Pap 'give charitably'

On the other hand, many verbs (especially derived ones) have identical stems for all three principal parts:

• benuß, benuß-, Benuß 'judge'

Verbal nouns are formed by one of the following methods:

• -s
• ablaut
• ⁱ-el
• -en
• -te
• Prefix Ge-

TAM auxiliary constructions

Some tense constructions

Meaning	Naeng/Classical construction
perfect	duoɟ + [subject]-DAT + (zraf can go here for progressive) + [verb]-VERBAL_NOUN-ACC
preterite	[verb]-PRETERITE (no auxiliary)
present habitual	[verb]-PRESENT
present progressive	zraf + [verb]-PRESENT
future	terl + [subject]-DAT + (zraf can go here for progressive) + [verb]-VERBAL_NOUN-ACC

Syntax

Word order

Constituents are arranged in V2 order in both Classical Wiobian and most modern topolects (with more variation allowed in classical poetry). Noun modifiers (adjectives and possessors) almost always precede the modified noun.

Truth value

For negation, Classical Wiobian uses a negative verb mei (present), quek (preterite), Quah (verbal noun) + the verbal noun in the dative case:

in meien Borrs heite.
/ʔin ˈmeilən borç ˈheitə/
in meil-en Borr-s heit-e.
1SG.NOM NEG/PRES-1SG sing/VN-DAT well-ACC
I do not sing well.

Compare the affirmative sentence:

in borren heite.
/ʔin ˈborːən ˈheitə/
in borr-s heit-e.
1SG.NOM sing/PRES-1SG well-ACC
I sing well.

In copular sentences, though affirmative sentences do not require a copula, negative sentences do:

Template:Col-2

in Hauere.
/ʔin ˈhauərə/
in Hauer-e.
1SG.NOM king-PRED
I am the king.

Template:Col-2

in meien Luos Hauere.
/ʔin ˈmeien luoç ˈhauərə/
in meil-en luos Hauer-e.
1SG.NOM NEG/PRES-1SG COPULA.VN-DAT king-PRED
I am not the king.

For contrastive negation of a constituent other than the verb, the main verb need not be repeated:

ins priuden ƕiem Zall, meien ƕiem Zrüsch.
/ʔinç ˈpriuden xʷiem calː ˈmeiən xʷiem cryçː/
in-s priud-en ƕiem Zall mei-en ƕiem Zrüsch
1SG.DAT be_needed/PRES-3SG.AN INDEF.NOM man.NOM NEG/PRES-1SG INDEF.NOM child.NOM
I want a man, not a boy.

Polar questions utilize an interrogative auxiliary hüf, snöf, Hof (< 'swear'):

i hüfe Quarþes inne?
/ʔiː hyfə ˈkʷarsəç ʔinnə/
i hüf-e Quarþ-es inn-e
2SG.NOM Q/PRES-2SG love.VN-DAT 1SG-ACC
Do you love me?

An echo response is often used to interrogative questions. For "yes" the interrogative verb may be echoed instead.

Template:Col-2

quörþen.
/ˈkʷørsən/
quorþ-ⁱen
love/PRES-1SG
Yes. (to the question "Do you love me?")

Template:Col-2

meien [Quarþes].
/ˈmeiən (ˈkʷarsəç)/
mei-en [Quarþ-es].
NEG/PRES-1SG [love.VN-DAT]
No. (to the question "Do you love me?")

If a "yes" answer involves a predicate, the predicate noun is echoed:

Hauere.
/ˈhauərə/
Hauer-e
king-PRED
Yes. [to the question "Are you a/the king?"]

In Modern Wiobian the preterite form is lost and mei /mi˩/ has been generalized as the interjection for no or the adverb for not.

Relative clauses

Relative clauses are internally headed: The head is the first constituent of the relative clause, and an anaphoric "co-relative pronoun" nie occurs after the relative clause that refers back to the head.

Simpler relative clauses often use the gap construction and use the nie determiner as the relativizer.

Serial verbs

Wiobian loves serial verb constructions, unlike Germanic languages, but like East Asian languages.

Derivational morphology

Some suffixes are pronounced differently depending on the final consonant of the root.

• ^U(-n): nominalization, patient
  • Þiem 'deed' < þiom 'do'
• be-: intensive/applicative/denominal verb prefix; common like in German
  • berast 'make powerful, strengthen' < Rast 'power'
• deß-: detransitivizing/valency-decreasing
• em-/(w)en-: perfective; causative/valency-incrementing
• ^U-em: adjectival/attributive/place noun suffix
  • Jündemruoger 'tapestry of life'
• -er: collective, augmentative, place noun, resultative
  • Puoger 'throne' < Puog 'chair'
  • Ruoger 'statue' < ruog, rieg, Ruogs 'carve'
  • Jenger 'ocean, sea' < Jeng 'water'
• ger-: inceptive, dynamic
  • gerzißt: 'initiate' < zißt 'run' (intransitive)
• i- (< PWio *ī < PGam *hiz): negative
  • ibiul 'not straight, unjust' < biul 'straight, just'
• -li agent noun, someone associated with [NOUN]
  • Winkli 'mortal' < wink- 'die' + -li
• -mack: resultative, ability
• -null: prototypical member of a set, Ur-
• -ung: singulative/some singular nouns
• -s (< PGam *λ ~ Thm. supine -dh): verbal nouns, nominalization
• -zi: abstract noun, -ness/-hood
• uo- (< PWio *ā- < PGam *ʔāz-): augmentative
  • Uores, Uors 'wolf, predatory beast' < euphemistically derived from Rüös 'dog'
• wech-: perfective/telic
• -zim: characterized by [noun]

Phrasebook

• Woi2 szan6! - Hello.
• ta2 hung2 - thank you.

Related pages with more information

Naeng/Classical

Talk: