New Karanesa: Difference between revisions

Line 81:

! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]

! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]

~~! colspan="2" | [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]~~

! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]

! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]

! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]

|-

! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || style="border-left: 0;" | mː

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || style="border-left: 0;" |

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || style="border-left: 0;" | nː

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || style="border-left: 0;" |

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced ~~retroflex~~ nasal|ɳ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced ~~palatal~~ nasal|ɲ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | ɲː

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |

| ~~style~~="~~border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || style="border-left: 0;~~" | ŋː

| colspan="2" |

|-

! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless ~~retroflex stop|ʈ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]]~~

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]

~~| style="border~~-~~right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless~~ alveolar affricate|~~t͡s~~]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]

| style="border-right: 0;" |  [[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |

|-

! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |~~[[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]~~

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless ~~retroflex~~ fricative|ʂ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced ~~retroflex~~ fricative|ʐ]]

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]

| colspan="2" |

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]

| colspan="2" |

|-

! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]

| colspan="2" |

~~| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]~~

| colspan="2" |

| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]

| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]

| colspan="2" |

|-

! [[w:Trill consonant|~~Trill~~]]

! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]

| colspan="2" |

| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral tap|ɺ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]

| colspan="2" |

~~| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]~~

| colspan="2" |

~~| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced uvular trill|ʀ]])~~

|}

====Notes====

* The alveolar nasals and stops are prescribed a dental place of articulation, with the tongue touching the teeth. However, because New Karanesa is essentially always a second language, whether or not they are pronounced dental or alveolar depends heavily on which the speaker's ~~native language has~~.

* Fricatives /ɸ s ʃ θ/ become voiced [β z ʒ ð] in morpheme-final position.

* ~~Voiced plosives~~ /~~b d g~~/ ~~become fricatives~~ [~~β ð ʒ~~] ~~when a front vowel is adjacent to them~~.

* The postalveolar fricatives and affricate /(t)ʃ ʒ/ often are pronounced as palato-alveolar [(t)ɕ ʑ].

* The voiced velar fricative [ɣ] is commonly pronounced uvular [ʁ], and may even be a uvular trill [ʀ].

* The voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ is commonly pronounced uvular [ʁ], and may even be a uvular trill [ʀ].

* The alveolar trill /r/ becomes an approximant [ɹ] in syllable-final position. This pronunciation is also common for the lateral rhotic in any position.

===Vowels===

@@ Line 81: / Line 81: @@
 ! colspan="2" | [[w:Labial consonant|Labial]]
 ! colspan="2" | [[w:Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
-! colspan="2" | [[w:Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
 ! colspan="2" | [[w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
 ! colspan="2" | [[w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
+! colspan="2" | [[w:Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
 |-
 ! [[w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
-| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || style="border-left: 0;" | mː
+| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|m]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
-| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || style="border-left: 0;" | nː
+| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
-| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced retroflex nasal|ɳ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
+| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
-| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal nasal|ɲ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | ɲː
+| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
-| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | ŋː
+| colspan="2" |
 |-
 ! [[w:stop consonant|Stop]]
 | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial stop|p]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced bilabial stop|b]]
 | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar stop|t]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar stop|d]]
-| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless retroflex stop|ʈ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced retroflex stop|ɖ]]
+| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|t͡ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
-| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|d͡ʒ]]
 | style="border-right: 0;" | &nbsp;[[w:Voiceless velar stop|k]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar stop|ɡ]]
+| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless uvular stop|q]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
 |-
 ! [[w:fricative consonant|Fricative]]
 | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
-| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |[[w:Voiced alveolar sibilant|z]]
+| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless alveolar sibilant|s]] || style="border-left: 0;" |
-| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]]
+| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative|ʃ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palato-alveolar fricative|ʒ]]
 | colspan="2" |
 | style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|x]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]
+| colspan="2" |
 |-
 ! [[w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
 | colspan="2" |
-| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|l]]
 | colspan="2" |
 | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]
 | style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced labiovelar approximant|w]]
+| colspan="2" |
 |-
-! [[w:Trill consonant|Trill]]
+! [[w:Trill consonant|Rhotic]]
+| colspan="2" |
+| style="border-right: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar lateral tap|ɺ]] || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
 | colspan="2" |
-| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | [[w:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]
 | colspan="2" |
 | colspan="2" |
-| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" | ([[w:Voiced uvular trill|ʀ]])
 |}
 ====Notes====
-* The alveolar nasals and stops are prescribed a dental place of articulation, with the tongue touching the teeth. However, because New Karanesa is essentially always a second language, whether or not they are pronounced dental or alveolar depends heavily on which the speaker's native language has.
+* Fricatives /ɸ s ʃ θ/ become voiced [β z ʒ ð] in morpheme-final position.
-* Voiced plosives /b d g/ become fricatives [β ð ʒ] when a front vowel is adjacent to them.
+* The postalveolar fricatives and affricate /(t)ʃ ʒ/ often are pronounced as palato-alveolar [(t)ɕ ʑ].
-* The voiced velar fricative [ɣ] is commonly pronounced uvular [ʁ], and may even be a uvular trill [ʀ].
+* The voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ is commonly pronounced uvular [ʁ], and may even be a uvular trill [ʀ].
+* The alveolar trill /r/ becomes an approximant [ɹ] in syllable-final position. This pronunciation is also common for the lateral rhotic in any position.
 ===Vowels===