Old Kurmian: Difference between revisions
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==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
===Mutations=== | ===Mutations=== | ||
*/p/ > /f/ /b/ /pʰ/ (from AW pf) | */p/ <''p''> > /f/ /b/ /pʰ/ (from AW pf) | ||
*/b/ > /v/ /m/ /bʰ/ | */b/ <''b''> > /v/ /m/ /bʰ/ | ||
*/f/ > /0/ /v/ /f/ (from AW f and w) | */pʰ/ <''p̂''> > /f/ /m̊/ /pʰ/ | ||
*/t/ > /þ/ /d/ /tʰ/ | */f/ <''f''> > /0/ /v/ /f/ (from AW f and w) | ||
*/d/ > /ð/ /n/ /dʰ/ | */t/ <''t''> > /þ/ /d/ /tʰ/ | ||
*/d/ <''d''> > /ð/ /n/ /dʰ/ | |||
*/tʰ/ <''t̂''> > /þ/ /n̊/ /tʰ/ | |||
*/s/ <''ƨ''> > /h/ /z/ /s/ | */s/ <''ƨ''> > /h/ /z/ /s/ | ||
*/z/ <''s''> > /0/ /z/ /z/ | */z/ <''s''> > /0/ /z/ /z/ | ||
*/!/ > /ɧ/ /g!/ /!ʰ/ | */!/ <''ŧ''> > /ɧ/ /g!/ /!ʰ/ | ||
*/g!/ > /ɧ̬/ /ŋ!/ /g!ʰ/ | */g!/ <''đ''> > /ɧ̬/ /ŋ!/ /g!ʰ/ | ||
*/ɧ/ > /h/ /ɧ̬/ /ɧ/ | */ɧ/ <''sc''> > /h/ /ɧ̬/ /ɧ/ | ||
*/k/ > /x/ /g/ /kʰ/ | */k/ <''c''> > /x/ /g/ /kʰ/ | ||
*/g/ > /ɣ/ /ŋ/ /gʰ/ | */g/ <''g''> > /ɣ/ /ŋ/ /gʰ/ | ||
===Tenses=== | ===Tenses=== | ||
Revision as of 01:13, 29 December 2015
Introduction
Old Kurmian is inspired by Middle Chinese and Irish.
Sound changes
- short e > short i, short i > ə
- short a o u > short ä ö ü
- /au ai/ > /aː/, /oy/ > /we/
- back vowels should break as in OC > MC
- final fricatives > breathy tone > low tone
- Prefixes correspond to lexical mutations in RW
- grammatical mutation
- standardize Irish-style orthography?
- slenderization and labialization yielding MC-style medials
- vowel length lost
- assuming vocalized r at the same conditions as bühnendeutsch:
- fám, dàuigh, neág, đâbh, séil, stúm, rút, leá, speáb, cia
Phonology
Initials
| Labial | Coronal | Lateral | Coarticulated | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | voiceless | /m̊/ | /n̊/ | /n̊ˡ/ | /ŋ̊!/ | /ŋ̊/ | |
| voiced | /m/ | /n/ | /nˡ/ | /ŋ!/ | /ŋ/ | ||
| Stop | tenuis | /p/ | /t/ | /tɬ/ | /!/ | /k/ | /ʔ/ |
| aspirated | /pʰ/ | /tʰ/ | /tɬʰ/ | /!ʰ/ | /kʰ/ | ||
| voiced | /b/ | /d/ | /dɮ/ | /g!/ | /g/ | ||
| breathy voiced | /bʱ/ | /dʱ/ | /dɮʱ/ | /g!ʱ/ | /gʱ/ | ||
| Fricative | voiceless | /f/ | /s/ | /ɬ/ | /ɧ/ | /x/ | /h/ |
| voiced | /z/ | /ɮ/ | /ɧ̬/ | /ɣ/ | |||
| Trill | /r/ | ||||||
| Approximant | /w/, /ɥ/ | /l/ | /j/ | ||||
Vowels
There are many permissible rimes. There are four possible "medials": zero, /-j-/, /-w-/, and /-jw-/.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /i/ | /ɨ/ | /u/ |
| Close-mid | /e/ | /ə/ | /o/ |
| Open-mid | /ɛ/ | ||
| Open | /a/ |
Finals
Permissible finals: /-p -t -k -m -n -l/
Tones
Grammar
Mutations
- /p/ <p> > /f/ /b/ /pʰ/ (from AW pf)
- /b/ <b> > /v/ /m/ /bʰ/
- /pʰ/ <p̂> > /f/ /m̊/ /pʰ/
- /f/ <f> > /0/ /v/ /f/ (from AW f and w)
- /t/ <t> > /þ/ /d/ /tʰ/
- /d/ <d> > /ð/ /n/ /dʰ/
- /tʰ/ <t̂> > /þ/ /n̊/ /tʰ/
- /s/ <ƨ> > /h/ /z/ /s/
- /z/ <s> > /0/ /z/ /z/
- /!/ <ŧ> > /ɧ/ /g!/ /!ʰ/
- /g!/ <đ> > /ɧ̬/ /ŋ!/ /g!ʰ/
- /ɧ/ <sc> > /h/ /ɧ̬/ /ɧ/
- /k/ <c> > /x/ /g/ /kʰ/
- /g/ <g> > /ɣ/ /ŋ/ /gʰ/
Tenses
- Present: is V S O, negation má V is S O
- Past: do-L V S O, negation mádh-L V S O