Verse:Mwail/Classical Thean: Difference between revisions

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'''Old Thean''' is the oldest attested language of Æm Múr and the earliest attested [[Trans-Sarnathian languages|Trans-Sarnathian]] language. It forms the basis of Literary Thean which was used as a literary language of Thea for over 2000 years before the emergence of Modern Standard Thean.  
'''Classical Thean''' forms the basis of Literary Thean which was used as a literary language of Thea for over 2000 years before the emergence of Modern Standard Thean.
 
== History ==
The oldest attested writing in Thean used a logography.
 
 
== Example sentences ==
== Example sentences ==
* ''dhat muː gwhaː xay'' 'I am your father'
* ''dhat muː gwhaː xay'' 'I am your father'
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* ''təkwle:ns xwaː (gwher) 2lar'' (teacher AUX.REL.3SG (LOC) breathe) 'the teacher that is breathing'
* ''təkwle:ns xwaː (gwher) 2lar'' (teacher AUX.REL.3SG (LOC) breathe) 'the teacher that is breathing'


== Early Old Thean phonology ==
== Classical Thean phonology ==
== Late Old Thean phonology ==
=== Simple initials ===
=== Simple initials ===
* /m n l r/ m n l r
* /m n l r/ m n l r
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* 2pl: na:
* 2pl: na:


=== The Early Old Thean auxiliary ===
=== The Classical Thean auxiliary ===
(Todo: Undo vowel reduction, which shouldn't occur before Late Old Thean)
The Classical Thean clause-initial auxiliary was inflected for subject agreement, tense, mood, and independent vs. dependent clauses in a system about as complex as Colloquial Welsh. In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary often cliticized to the subordinating conjunction used.
 
The Early Old Thean clause-initial auxiliary was inflected for subject agreement, tense, mood, and independent vs. dependent clauses in a system about as complex as Colloquial Welsh. In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary often cliticized to the subordinating conjunction used.


The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present)
The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present)
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== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==
The Proto-Trans-Sarnathian word order was T1 S T2 V O. In Old Thean, T2 becomes cliticized or lost. In Early Old Thean, T1 is the only word that inflects in a sentence.
The Proto-Trans-Sarnathian word order was T1 S T2 V O. In Classical Thean, T2 becomes cliticized or lost, and T1 is the only word that inflects in a sentence.


In later OTh, T1 becomes an invariable tense or discourse particle
In later OTh, T1 becomes an invariable tense or discourse particle

Revision as of 00:16, 11 May 2025

Classical Thean forms the basis of Literary Thean which was used as a literary language of Thea for over 2000 years before the emergence of Modern Standard Thean.

History

The oldest attested writing in Thean used a logography.


Example sentences

  • dhat muː gwhaː xay 'I am your father'
  • mu: kwel (or tso: mu: kwel) 'you are eating'
  • təkwle:ns xwaː (gwher) 2lar (teacher AUX.REL.3SG (LOC) breathe) 'the teacher that is breathing'

Classical Thean phonology

Simple initials

  • /m n l r/ m n l r
  • /(p) t ts̪ ts̠ tʃ k kʷ/ p t tþ ts tš k kw
  • /(bʰ) dʰ dz̪ʰ dz̠ʰ dʒʰ gʰ gʷʰ/ bh dh dðh dzh džh gh gwh
  • /(pʼ) tʼ ts̪ʼ ts̠ʼ tʃʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ b d dð ds dž g gw
  • /s̪ s̠ ʃ x xʷ ʔ/ þ s š x xw 2
  • /z̪ z̠ ʒ ɣ ɣʷ/ ð z ž γ γw
  • /j w/ y w

/p bʰ pʼ/ are found in loanwords from Kuaic and Rieng-Chrâtt.

Nuclei

/i e a o u iː eː aː oː uː ai au ei eu oi/

Finals

/-m -n -l -r -j -w -mʔ -nʔ -lʔ -rʔ -jʔ -wʔ -ʔ -t -k -kʷ, -s, -Cs/

Stress

Very strong final stress

Grammar

Pronouns

  • 1sg xay
  • 2sg mu:
  • 1pl li:
  • 2pl: na:

The Classical Thean auxiliary

The Classical Thean clause-initial auxiliary was inflected for subject agreement, tense, mood, and independent vs. dependent clauses in a system about as complex as Colloquial Welsh. In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary often cliticized to the subordinating conjunction used.

The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present)

  • Present tense affirmative: 1sg tsoi, 2sg tso: (or zero), 3sg laː, 1pl.ex, tsol, 2pl tson, 3pl lar
  • Present tense interrogative, negative: bhə-gwhai, bhə-gwhau, bhə-gwhaː, bhə-gwhal, bhə-gwhan, bhə-gwhar
  • Present tense relative: xwiː, xuː, xwaː, xol, xon, xor
  • Focused: gwhaː
    • (dhat muː gwhaː xay 'I am your father')
  • Past tense affirmative: dzhei, dzhu:, dzheː, dzhel, dzhen, dzher
  • Past tense interrogative, negative: 2ə-dzhei, 2ə-dzhu:, 2ə-dzheː, 2ə-dzhel, 2ə-dzhen, 2ə-dzher
  • Future tense affirmative: 2ai, 2au, 2aː, 2al, 2an, 2ar
  • Future tense interrogative, negative: 2ə-dhai, 2ə-dhau, 2ə-dhaː, 2ə-dhal, 2ə-dhan, 2ə-dhar
  • Conditional/subjunctive: dhoi, dho:, dhoː, dhol, dhon, dhor

Syntax

The Proto-Trans-Sarnathian word order was T1 S T2 V O. In Classical Thean, T2 becomes cliticized or lost, and T1 is the only word that inflects in a sentence.

In later OTh, T1 becomes an invariable tense or discourse particle

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