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TolsianR: Difference between revisions
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====Case==== | ====Case==== | ||
TolsianR has three cases : nominative, accusative and genitive | TolsianR has three cases : nominative, accusative and genitive, which agree with a noun's animatedness. Nominative is unmarked, and corresponds to the functions of subject, attribute of the subject, and all other functions which are not covered by the accusative and dative cases. Accusative corresponds to the function of direct object of a verb and is marked with a prefix : ''dake''- (or ''dak''- before a vowel) in the animate, and ''ke''- (or ''k''- before a vowel) in the inanimate. In more recent developments of the language, ''dake-'' has become ''da-'' (or ''d-'' in front of a vowel). Genitive corresponds to the "possessor" of something and is marked with a suffix ''-do'' for animate nouns (with a number of morphophonological changes taking place if the noun ends in a consonant), and ''-o'' for inanimate nouns (transformed into /w/ after a vowel). If a noun is in the plural, the mark of the plural will be treated as if it belongs to the stem, with regard to the genitive case suffix. | ||
<!-- aspirated plosives lose their aspiration ; voiceless obstruents become voiced ; the palatal nasal gets partially assimilated and turns into ''n'' ; prenasalised occlusives get totally nasalised ; the bilabial fricative becomes a labio-velar approximant [w] ; and there's gemination with the dental occlusives : [dd]. Those changes are usually reflected in the orthography. | |||
<poem> | <poem> | ||
[+asp] -> [-asp] /_-do | [+asp] -> [-asp] /_-do | ||
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/ɲ/ -> /n/ / _-do | /ɲ/ -> /n/ / _-do | ||
</poem> | </poem> | ||
--> | |||
The following table summarizes the language's declensions, where C stands for consonant, V for vowel, and ''stem'' includes any plural mark : | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ | |+ Case declension in TolsianR | ||
|- | |||
! !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive | |||
|- | |||
! Animate | |||
| ''stem'' || dake-C''stem'' (dak-V''stem'') <p> da-C''stem'' (d-V''stem'')|| ''stem''-do | |||
|- | |||
! Inanimate | |||
| ''stem'' || ke-C''stem'' (k-V''stem'') || ''stem''C-o (''stem''V-w) | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Examples of declensions of different substantives | |||
|- | |- | ||
! !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive | ! !! Nominative !! Accusative !! Genitive | ||
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|} | |} | ||
=====Morphophonological adaptations===== | |||
As we have already seen, the prefix of the accusative is elided in front of a vowel, becoming dak- (or d-) in the animate, and k- in the inanimate. The suffix of the genitive also undergoes a number of changes, depending on whether it follows a consonant or a vowel. In the inanimate, the -o becomes a glide, -w, after a vowel. But the situation is more complex when the animate genitive suffix follows a consonant, and the rules are as follows : | |||
<poem> | |||
Prenasalized consonants become fully nasalized : /ᵐb/ → /m/ ; /ⁿd/ → /n/ ; /ᵑg/ → /ŋ/. | |||
The palatal nasal becomes dental : /ɲ/ → /n/. | |||
The voiced dental plosive is geminated : /d/ → /dː/. | |||
Voiceless plosives become unaspirated and voiced : /pʰ/, /p/ → /b/ ; /tʰ/, /t̚/, /t/ → /dː/ ; /kʰ/, /k/ → /g/. | |||
Bilabial fricatives become /w/ : /ɸ/, /β/ → /w/. | |||
Other voiceless fricatives become voiced, with the exception of the glottal fricative /h/ : /f/ → /v/ ; /s/ → /z/ ; /ʃ/ → /ʒ/ ; /x/ → /ɣ/ ; /χ/ → /ʁ/ ; /ɧ̙ʷ/ → /ɧ̙̬ʷ/. | |||
</poem> | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||