Verse:Mwail/Irenesian languages: Difference between revisions

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In [[Verse:Angai]], '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''bry lleɂang Dylethyzz'' /prə 'ɬɛʔaŋ tə'lɛθəz/ CLF language Dylath-ADJ) is a highly conservative [[Trans-Sarnathian languages|Trans-Sarnathian]] language with a Welsh-like grammar and a loosely Welsh-like aesthetic. Dylathian and its closest relatives are spoken in the Dylathian plateau and the Sarnathian mountain range in the borderlands of Aem-Zmaə, which contains Mt. ___, the highest mountain in Angai. Dylathian and its neighboring relatives are vital for reconstructing the early history of the Trans-Sarnathian branch.


Standard Dylathian is the liturgical language of ___ (a version of Tibetan Buddhism).
== Lexicon ==
''chy'' '1SG'
''newlywed'' '200'
PTS tilakt -> ''Dylath''
''ɂalar'' 'to breathe'
PTS ʔlars 'life' -> ''ɂalarch'' "oneself"
PTS sleʔans -> (pry/yni) ''lleɂang'' (no sgv) "speech"
PTS tsʼajbʰ 'water' -> Dyl. (lly) ''tzɂaf'' (no sgv)
PTS kʷʼē -> (wy/wng) ''pɂwy'' (sgv ''pɂwyol'') 'egg'
''mam'' (no sgv) '(specific person's) mother'
''tad'' (no sgv) '(specific person's) father'
''tzɂan'' '1'
''new'' '2'
''llywed'' '100'
''mancwɂynyll'' (sgv. ''mancwɂynyllu'') 'mother(s) in general'
''tacwɂynyll'' (sgv. ''tacwɂynyllu'') 'father(s) in general'
''2ankaj'' -> ''ɂanggae'' 'world'
llwyn 'to learn'
belwyng 'to teach'
llwyng (lēns) 'learning' -> 'law'?
c2arch 'mountain'
== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
* '''m n ng l r ll rh''' /m n ŋ l r ɬ r̥/
* '''b d dz ds g gw''' /p t ts ts{{ret}} k kʷ/
* '''p t tz ts c cw''' /pʰ tʰ tsʰ ts{{ret}}ʰ kʰ kʷʰ/
* '''pɂ tɂ tzɂ tsɂ cɂ cwɂ ''' /pʼ tʼ tsʼ ts{{ret}}ʼ kʼ kʷʼ/
* '''ff th z s ch chw h ɂ'''  /f θ s s{{ret}} x xʷ h ʔ/
* '''f dd zz ss w''' /v ð z z{{ret}} w/
;Notes
* All consonants are longer and use more airflow than in English. In fact, so much airflow is used that final stops are released unlike in the language's monosyllabic tonal relatives.
=== Vowels ===
Same as in Welsh, get from Proto-Celtic vowel inventory /i e a o u iː eː aː uː ai au oi ou/
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Vowel developments
! colspan="10" | Stage
|-
! I
! II
! III
! IV
! V
! Vb
! VI
! VII
! VIII
! IX
|-
| colspan="10" | ''*a''
|-
| colspan="10" | ''*e''
|-
| colspan="6" | ''*i''
| colspan="5" | ''*ɪ''
|-
| colspan="7" | ''*o''
| colspan="3" | ''*o'', ''*ʉ''
|-
| colspan="7" | ''*u''
| colspan="3" | ''*u'', ''*ʉ''
|-
| colspan="4" | ''*ā''
| colspan="5" | ''*ɔ̄''
| ''*ɔ''
|-
| colspan="8" | ''*ē''
| colspan="2" | ''*ui''
|-
| colspan="9" | ''*ī''
| colspan="2" | ''*i''
|-
| colspan="2" | ''*ō''
| colspan="3" | ''*ū''
| colspan="4" | ''*ǖ''
| ''*ü''
|-
| ''*ū''
| colspan="4" | ''*ǖ''
| colspan="4" | ''*ī''
| ''*i''
|-
| colspan="3" | ''*ai''
| colspan="5" | ''*ɛ̄''
| colspan="2" | ''*oi''
|-
| colspan="4" | ''*au''
| colspan="5" | ''*ɔ̄''
| ''*ɔ''
|}
=== Stress ===
Stress is consistently penultimate.
== Grammar ==
"Colloquial Welsh with classifiers"
=== Nouns ===
As in reconstructed Proto-Trans-Sarnathian, most nouns have an unmarked form and a marked form (called the ''singulative'' for sake of convenience) that is only used for indefinite singular nouns. Like Welsh plurals, the singulative is unpredictable and is marked with a suffix (such as ''-u'', ''-ob'', ''-ol'', ''-(y)lch''), vowel changes, or both.
For the definite article, the appropriate classifier is used, except for inalienably possessed nouns; the number is marked on the classifier.
Mass nouns and certain nouns for blood relatives have no singulative form, e.g. ''tz{{2}}af'' 'water', ''mam'' '(specific person's) mother' and ''tad'' '(specific person's) father'.
==== List of classifiers ====
* sg. ''dyn'', pl. ''bôl'': people
* sg. ''wy'', pl. ''wng'': round objects
* ''lly'': mass nouns
* sg. ''rhwng'', pl. ''rhyngi'': non-blood social relationships
* sg. ''pry'', pl. ''yni'': abstractions
* sg. ''un'', pl. ''au'': generic classifier
* sg. ''gang'', pl. ''goed'': plants, sticks or tree-like objects
==== Personal inflection of classifiers ====
==== Alienable possession ====
Alienable possession uses possessed classifiers:
''rhwng ɂotɂalab rhyngoch'' (CLF AGT-love CLF-1SG) or ''rhyngoch ɂotɂalab'' (CLF-1SG AGT-love) 'my lover'
==== Inalienable possession ====
mam-och (or just mam) 'my mother', tad-och (or just tad) 'my father', ...
(No classifier is used for blood relations)
<!-- Avoid tsarn- -->
=== Numerals ===
There is no isolated word for "one". Counting uses a word ''cwyz'' that was formerly "once/an occurrence" (cf. Slavic '''raz''' dva tri...). Otherwise, the singulative form of the noun in question is used, when necessary emphasized with ''ɂazz'' 'only'.
=== TAM auxiliaries ===
Inflected for person and number (inherited from Proto-Trans-Sarnathian)
* Present tense: 1sg tsoi, 2sg tsw, 3sg tso, 1pl tsol, 2pl tson, 3pl tsor
* Present emphatic / relative?:
** Lai chi ...
** Law mi ...
** La bo ...
** Lal lli ...
** Lawn no...
** Lar rhi...
=== Verbs ===
The word order is "T1 S T2 V O":
* ''Tso tadoch llos tzɂaf'' (is_located father-1SG drink.VN water) = My father is drinking water
Tso Mam belwyng rhaw2 'Mom is teaching children'
Tso Mam ew 2odbelwyng (is_at Mom among AGT-teach) 'Mom is a teacher'
=== Is-a ===
Tsoi chi'w tacwɂynyll (AUX 1SG among father_in_general) 'I am a father'
=== Is-the ===
Chi lym tadal (1SG who_is father-2SG) / Tadal lai chi 'I am your father'
=== Clausal syntax ===

Revision as of 18:23, 31 May 2025

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