Tchwerian: Difference between revisions
m (→Orthography) |
m (→Inventory) |
||
Line 255: | Line 255: | ||
*6 + L > creakiness | *6 + L > creakiness | ||
== | ==Phonemic inventory== | ||
===Initials=== | ===Initials=== | ||
Line 262: | Line 262: | ||
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | !rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | ||
!colspan="2" |Labial | !colspan="2" |Labial | ||
!rowspan="2" |Dental | |||
!rowspan="2" |Alveolar | !rowspan="2" |Alveolar | ||
!rowspan="2" |Retroflex | !rowspan="2" |Retroflex | ||
! | !colspan="2" |Click | ||
!rowspan="2" |Palatal | !rowspan="2" |Palatal | ||
!rowspan="2" |Velar | !rowspan="2" |Velar | ||
Line 271: | Line 272: | ||
! | <small>plain</small> | ! | <small>plain</small> | ||
! | <small>pal.</small> | ! | <small>pal.</small> | ||
! | <small>dental</small> | |||
! | <small>retroflex</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2"|Nasal | ! colspan="2"|Nasal | ||
|/m/ | |/m/ || /mʲ/ | ||
|/mʲ/ | |colspan="2"|/n/ | ||
|/n/ | |||
| | | | ||
|/ŋ! | |/ŋǀ/ || /ŋ!/ | ||
| | | | ||
|/ŋ/ | |/ŋ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="2"|Stop | ! rowspan="2"|Stop/Affricate | ||
! | <small>tenuis</small> | ! | <small>tenuis</small> | ||
|/p/ | |/p/ || /pʲ/ | ||
|/pʲ/ | |/ts/ || /t/ | ||
|/ | |||
|/ʈʂ/ | |/ʈʂ/ | ||
|/ | |/ǀ/ || /ǃ/ | ||
|/tɕ/ | |/tɕ/ | ||
|/k/ | |/k/ | ||
Line 296: | Line 297: | ||
|/pʰ/ | |/pʰ/ | ||
|/pʰʲ/ | |/pʰʲ/ | ||
|/ | |/tsʰ/ ||/tʰ/ | ||
|/ʈʂʰ/ | |/ʈʂʰ/ | ||
|/ | |/ǀʰ/|| /ǃʰ/ | ||
|/tɕʰ/ | |/tɕʰ/ | ||
|/kʰ/ | |/kʰ/ | ||
Line 304: | Line 305: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2"|Fricative | ! colspan="2"|Fricative | ||
|/f/ | |/f/ || | ||
| | |/s/ || | ||
|/s/ | |||
|/ʂ/ | |/ʂ/ | ||
| | | || | ||
|/ɕ/ | |/ɕ/ | ||
| | | | ||
Line 314: | Line 314: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2"|Approximant | ! colspan="2"|Approximant | ||
|/w/ | |/w/ || | ||
| | |colspan="2"|/l/ | ||
|/l/ | | || | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|/j/ | |/j/ |
Revision as of 16:36, 15 February 2016
Tchwerian | |
---|---|
Wieber-Müđel | |
Pronunciation | [/jiʔ˨ mɔŋ˩˧/] |
Created by | IlL |
Setting | Hussmauch |
Extinct | Developed into Middle Wiebian in 400 v.C. |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | qwb |
Tchwerian (Wieber-Müđel (jidd moon) or Reber-Müđel (lidd moon)) is a Wiebian dialect continuum that includes varieties of Modern Standard Wiebian. It is often simply called "Wiebian" in-universe. Tchwerian is intended to be "12-tone Chinese gibberish".
Numbers
- 1: wahm /jɛŋ41/
- 2: diƨƨer /tʂɨ21/
- 3: narg /nɛʔ33/
- 4: đauf /ǃy21/
- 5: säliƨ /si21/
- 6: stuhm /tʂɔŋ55/
- 7: rut /ʔɔʔ11/
- 8: lerz /laː21/
- 9: pfarb /pʰɛʔ44/
- 10: kier /kʰiː55/
Historical phonology
Middle Wiebian
Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Click | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | voiceless | /m̊/ | /n̊/ | /ɳ̊/ | /ŋ̊!/ | /ŋ̊/ | |
voiced | /m/ | /n/ | /ɳ/ | /ŋ!/ | /ŋ/ | ||
Stop | tenuis | /p/ | /t/ | /ʈ/ | /ǃ/ | /k/ | /ʔ/ |
aspirated | /pʰ/ | /tʰ/ | /ʈʰ/ | /ǃʰ/ | /kʰ/ | ||
voiced | /b/ | /d/ | /ɖ/ | /ɡǃ/ | /ɡ/ | ||
Spirants | voiceless | /f/ | /θ/ | /ɧ/ | /x/ | /h/ | |
voiced | /ð/ | /ɧ̬/ | /ɣ/ | ||||
Sibilants | voiceless | /s/ | /ʂ/ | ||||
voiced | /z/ | /ʐ/ | |||||
Approximant | voiceless | /ʍ/ | /l̥/ | ||||
voiced | /w/ | /l/ |
Front | Central | Back | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | |||||||
short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Close | /i/ | /iː/ | /y/ | /yː/ | /u/ | /uː/ | ||
Mid | /e/ | /eː/ | /ø/ | /øː/ | /əː/ | /ɔ/ | /oː/ | |
Open | /æ/ | /æː/ | /ɑ/ | /ɑː/ |
Diphthongs: /ai au oy ja je iːa jaː wa wo uːa waː ɥa ɥø yːa ɥaː aiɐ auɐ oyɐ/
Tones:
- (-p m)
- (-p b)
- (-p g)
- (+p m)
- (+p b)
- (+p g)
Final changes
- Vowels lengthen before ŋ: ɑŋ æŋ eŋ iŋ oŋ øŋ uŋ yŋ > ɑːŋ æːŋ eːŋ iːŋ oːŋ øːŋ uːŋ yːŋ
- -ŋ! > -ŋ
- stops > ʔ; nasals > ŋ
Retroflex/slender split
- ɑ merger with ɔ, ɑː merger with aː
- ai ~ iː > iː in open syllables, aː in closed syllables
- a(ː) ~ ja(ː) > a(ː)
- e ~ je/i > i
- əː ~ eː > eː
- au ~ ay > ɔ(ː)
- o(ː) ~ ø(ː) > o(ː)
- u(ː) ~ y(ː) > u(ː)
- u(ː)a ~ y(ː)a > u(ː)a
- uo ~ yø > uo
- aiɐ ~ iːa > ja
- auɐ ~ oyɐ > wa
- ʔ > ʔ / r
- k > k / t͡ɕ
- ʈ > k / tʂ
- θ > ʂ / t
- ! > ! / |
- ɧ > r / r
- t > tʂ / ts
- p > p / pj
- n > ɳ / n
- ɳ > ŋ
- l > l / l or j depending on dialect
- r > l
Tone splits and mergers
p ph b > p-H ph-H ph-L
- -phar:
- h -p m: 1
- h -p b: 2
- h -p g: 3/1
- l -p m: 4
- l -p b: 5
- l -p g: 6
- +phar:
- h +p m: 5
- h +p b: 4
- h +p g: 6/1
- l +p m: 1
- l +p b: 2
- l +p g: 3
long vowel-short vowel merger
- 2 + s > 3
- 4 + s > 6
- 6 + L > creakiness
Phonemic inventory
Initials
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Click | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | dental | retroflex | ||||||||
Nasal | /m/ | /mʲ/ | /n/ | /ŋǀ/ | /ŋ!/ | /ŋ/ | |||||
Stop/Affricate | tenuis | /p/ | /pʲ/ | /ts/ | /t/ | /ʈʂ/ | /ǀ/ | /ǃ/ | /tɕ/ | /k/ | /ʔ/ |
aspirated | /pʰ/ | /pʰʲ/ | /tsʰ/ | /tʰ/ | /ʈʂʰ/ | /ǀʰ/ | /ǃʰ/ | /tɕʰ/ | /kʰ/ | ||
Fricative | /f/ | /s/ | /ʂ/ | /ɕ/ | /h/ | ||||||
Approximant | /w/ | /l/ | /j/ |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | |||||||
short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Close | /i/ | /iː/ | /y/ | /yː/ | [ɨ] | [ɨː] | /u/ | /uː/ |
Mid | /ɛ/ | /œ/ | /ɔ/ | |||||
Open | /a/ | /aː/ |
/i/ and /y/ retract to [ɨ] after retroflexes and retroflex clicks.
Allowed finals -w, -j, -ʔ, -ŋ; øj, øw > øy
Tones
Reber Wiebian has 11 tones.
Modal final | Breathy final | Glottalized final | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Voiceless initial | -creaky | 55 | 53 | 44 |
+creaky | 424 | 35 | 33 | |
Voiced initial | -creaky | 41 | 21 | |
+creaky | 231 | 13 | 11 |
Orthography
231 13 11 = m v b
41 21 = n z
424 35 33 = mh f p/d
55 53 44 = Ø s t
Reber initials:
/m//mʲ//n//ŋ!//ŋǀ//ŋ/ -> m mj n ny ncy ng
/p//pʲ//t/, /ts//ʈʂ//ǃ//ǀ//tɕ//k//ʔ/ = p pj t c cs ty cy cj k q
sorry, those should be aspirated
unaspirated: b bj d dz dzs gy dzy dzj g q
/f//s//ʂ//ɕ//h/ -> f sz s szj h
/w//l//j/ -> w l j
Morphology
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Accents and dialects
- Standard
- Advanced HRJ
- Jüngerriems
- Lerzkorren
- Frintermien
- Keime
Jüngerriems accent of Reber: retroflex ->alveolar
so ʈʂ, ʈʂʰ, ʂ pronounced as ts, tsʰ, s
Lerzkorren accent: like the Jüngerriems accent but click free
clicks -> uvulars as in bruusing
Frintermien: retro and click merge
into click
/ʂ/ -> sje
tone mergers: Jüngerriems and Lerzkorren have something funny going on with tones (retroflexes cause a tone change)
the Keimian accent would be the weirdest
vowel + ng -> nasalized vowel
unaspirated stops are voiced
(and sometimes become fricatives)
vowel + m -> nasalized vowel + w
or maybe no w
clicks become semitic style emphatics
it's perhaps the hardest accent to pull off for someone from HRJ
sorry, vowel + m,n,ng -> nasal vowel + m,n,(optional ng)
vowels get uniformly tensed
ɛ, œ -> e,ø
/i/ can sound like an apical vowel
(think mandarin)
then vocab differences (Etz vs Jeng ...)
keimian tone mergers:
1 2 3 4 5 6-> high falling, mid level, mid falling, mid falling, low level, low level