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Verse:Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature: Difference between revisions

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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
{{PAGENAME}} phonology is mostly based on Modern Standard German. Ancient Wiebian also had two clicks ''ŧ'' /ǃ/ and ''đ'' /ɡǃ/
{{PAGENAME}} phonology is mostly based on Modern Standard German. Ancient Wiebian also had two clicks ''ŧ'' /ǃ/ and ''đ'' /ɡǃ/ which patterned similarly to ''t'' and ''d''.
===Phonotactics===
 
(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
===Proto-Wiebian===
===Consonants===
Proto-Wiebian describes the stage of the language immediately after it underwent the High German consonant shift (which did not affect clicks).
====Consonants====
====Vowels====
===Early Ancient Wiebian===
Voiceless plosives were aspirated unless after a fricative. Auslautverhärtung (final obstruent devoicing) as in German or Dutch.
Voiceless plosives were aspirated unless after a fricative. Auslautverhärtung (final obstruent devoicing) as in German or Dutch.
====Early Ancient Wiebian====
====Consonants====
Early Ancient Wiebian had the following consonants:
Early Ancient Wiebian had the following consonants:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
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Gemination was phonemic in Early Ancient Wiebian and was often marked with double letters. The gemination sign, transcribed as '''c''' (''Ang'', deriving from {{sc|ˀangom}}, the Primitive [[Tergetian]] letter for the glottal stop), is also often used in Early Ancient Wiebian texts. It acts like the Japanese ''sokuon'' symbol: ''nu swicle'' /nuː(ə) s̺wilːə/ 'I slid (intransitive)' (Standard Ancient Wiebian ''nu schwille''). By late {{PAGENAME}} most gemination signs fell into disuse and were replaced with double letters. '''c''' only survived as part of the graphemes '''ck''' for /k/ after a short vowel, and '''ch''' [x], which was in complementary distribution with '''h''' [h] by that time.
Gemination was phonemic in Early Ancient Wiebian and was often marked with double letters. The gemination sign, transcribed as '''c''' (''Ang'', deriving from {{sc|ˀangom}}, the Primitive [[Tergetian]] letter for the glottal stop), is also often used in Early Ancient Wiebian texts. It acts like the Japanese ''sokuon'' symbol: ''nu swicle'' /nuː(ə) s̺wilːə/ 'I slid (intransitive)' (Standard Ancient Wiebian ''nu schwille''). By late {{PAGENAME}} most gemination signs fell into disuse and were replaced with double letters. '''c''' only survived as part of the graphemes '''ck''' for /k/ after a short vowel, and '''ch''' [x], which was in complementary distribution with '''h''' [h] by that time.


====Standard Ancient Wiebian====
====Vowels====
In Early {{PAGENAME}} each vowel had an independent length. This changed in Standard {{PAGENAME}} when vowels before single consonants were lengthened, so that the orthographic final came to determine vowel length. Final ''-h'' was also deleted to trigger compensatory lengthening of the vowel, which is why open long vowels are often written with an ''-h'' after the vowel.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Early {{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
|  '''ie, i, ih''' /iə~iː/
| '''ü''' /y/
| '''üe, ü, üh''' /yə~yː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ue, u, uh''' /uə~uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e, ä''' /ɛ/
| '''e, ä''' /eː/
| '''ö''' /œ/
| '''ö''' /øː/
| '''e''' /ə/
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''o''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''a''' /aː/
|
|
|}
 
Diphthongs: '''au''' /ɜu/ '''äu, eu''' /eʏ~øʏ~eu/ '''ei''' /ɛɪ/
===Standard Ancient Wiebian===
The beginning of the '''Standard Ancient Wiebian''' (SAW), '''Classical Wiebian''' (CW), or '''Late Ancient Wiebian''' (LAW) period is taken to be the standardization of the orthography under the ruler Neumer-Kaid (2300 HM years before present).
The beginning of the '''Standard Ancient Wiebian''' (SAW), '''Classical Wiebian''' (CW), or '''Late Ancient Wiebian''' (LAW) period is taken to be the standardization of the orthography under the ruler Neumer-Kaid (2300 HM years before present).
 
====Consonants====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+ '''Standard {{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
|+ '''Standard {{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
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*/ŋǃ/ is a free alternant of /ɡǃ/.
*/ŋǃ/ is a free alternant of /ɡǃ/.


===Vowels===
====Vowels====
In Early {{PAGENAME}} each vowel had an independent length. This changed in Late {{PAGENAME}} when vowels before single consonants were lengthened, so that the orthographic final came to determine vowel length. Final ''-h'' was also deleted to trigger compensatory lengthening of the vowel, which is why open long vowels are often written with an ''-h'' after the vowel.
 
====Early Ancient Wiebian====
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Early {{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="4" style="width: 180px; " |Front
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
|  '''ie, i, ih''' /iə~iː/
| '''ü''' /y/
| '''üe, ü, üh''' /yə~yː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ue, u, uh''' /uə~uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e, ä''' /ɛ/
| '''e, ä''' /eː/
| '''ö''' /œ/
| '''ö''' /øː/
| '''e''' /ə/
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''o''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''a''' /aː/
|
|
|}
 
Diphthongs: '''au''' /ɜu/ '''äu, eu''' /eʏ~øʏ~eu/ '''ei''' /ɛɪ/
 
====Late Ancient Wiebian====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Late {{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
|+ '''Standard {{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
! rowspan="3" style="width: 90px; "|
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Diphthongs: '''au''' /aʊ/ '''äu, eu''' /ɔʏ/ '''ei''' /aɪ/
Diphthongs: '''au''' /aʊ/ '''äu, eu''' /ɔʏ/ '''ei''' /aɪ/


===Stress===
====Stress====
Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress.
Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress.


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