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Luthic: Difference between revisions
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| -arano || -erano || -orano || -irano | | -arano || -erano || -orano || -irano | ||
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Like the perfect, pluperfect has an optional analytic counterpart. This alternative form is constructed with the imperfect indicative of the auxiliary verb ‘to have’ combined with the past participle of the main verb. | |||
====Future==== | |||
The future tense expresses an action that will take place at a point subsequent to the moment of speaking. It can also be used to convey probability or conjecture about the present. | |||
Its endings are a historical development from the agglutination of the verb’s full infinitive form with the present tense endings of the auxiliary verb ‘to have’, a process common throughout the Romance languages. This has resulted in a single, unified set of endings that attaches to the infinitive for all regular verbs. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:40%; table-layout:fixed;" | |||
|+ Indicative active | |||
! style="width:20%;" | Indicative active | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -are | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ere | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ore | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ire | |||
|- | |||
! ec | |||
| -eraggio || -eraggio || -oraggio || -iraggio | |||
|- | |||
! þú | |||
| -erái || -erái || -orái || -irái | |||
|- | |||
! e | |||
| -erá || -erá || -orá || -irá | |||
|- | |||
! ve | |||
| -erí || -erí || -orí || -irí | |||
|- | |||
! gio | |||
| -ereze || -ereze || -oreze || -ireze | |||
|- | |||
! vi | |||
| -eremu || -eremu || -oremu || -iremu | |||
|- | |||
! giu | |||
| -erete || -erete || -orete || -irete | |||
|- | |||
! i | |||
| -erano || -erano || -orano || -irano | |||
|} | |||
Passive forms follow the regular analytical construction: | |||
* (active) dregcheraggio þata vino. → I will drink the wine. | |||
* (passive) þata vino sará dregcatu mina. → The wine will be drunk by me. | |||
In addition, Luthic has a modal future formed with the present tense of the modal auxiliary verb scolare followed by the main verb’s infinitive. It is used to express a higher degree of certainty, obligation, or determination about a future event. It carries a sense of inevitability or obligation (deontic modality): | |||
* (future) bugiraggio. → I will buy (forecast). | |||
* (deontic) schio bugire. → I shall buy (obligation). | |||
It is often accompanied by a temporal adverb: | |||
* (future) bugiraggio crai. → I will buy tomorrow (forecast for tomorrow). | |||
* (deontic) schio bugire crai. → I shall buy tomorrow (obligation for tomorrow). | |||
====Future perfect==== | |||
The future perfect is a compound tense used to describe an action that will have been completed before another point or event in the future. In the active voice, it is constructed with the future tense of the auxiliary verb ‘to have’ followed by the past participle of the main verb. In the passive voice, it employs a distinct periphrastic construction: the future tense of the auxiliary ‘to be’ is combined with the past participles of both the auxiliary ‘to have’ and the main verb. | |||
* (active) avrá togitu. → It will have done. | |||
* (passive) sará avutu togitu. → It will have been done. | |||
It should be noted that the paradigms presented in this section apply to regular verbs. Luthic also possesses a number of irregular verbs, whose forms often preserve unique historical developments. A comprehensive treatment of these verbs is beyond the scope of this introductory grammar and will be addressed in the later chapters on historical morphology. | |||
====Imperative==== | |||
The imperative mood is used to issue direct commands, requests, and prohibitions. In Luthic, its formation is distinct for affirmative and negative commands and is productive only in the second person. | |||
* Affirmative imperative: the affirmative command has specific forms for the second-person singular, dual and plural, which are derived from the verb stem. | |||
* Negative imperative (prohibition): negative commands are formed periphrastically. The prohibition is expressed by the negative particle followed by the verb’s full infinitive form. This same construction is used for both singular, dual and plural addressees. | |||
(prohibition) non rogire! → Do not speak! | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:40%; table-layout:fixed;" | |||
|+ Affirmative imperative | |||
! style="width:20%;" | Affirmative | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -are | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ere | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ore | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ire | |||
|- | |||
! þú | |||
| -a || -e || -o || -i | |||
|- | |||
! gio | |||
| -aze || -eze || -oze || -ize | |||
|- | |||
! giu | |||
| -ate || -ete || -ote || -ite | |||
|} | |||
====Non-finite forms==== | |||
In addition to its finite forms, which are marked for tense and person, Luthic possesses four non-finite verb forms: the infinitive, the gerund, the present participle, and the past participle. These forms do not conjugate for person and typically function as verbal nouns or adjectives. | |||
* Infinitive | |||
The infinitive is the base form of the verb, functioning as a verbal noun that names the action. As previously established, it is the form used for dictionary entries and is marked by one of the four thematic endings that define the verb's conjugation class: -are, -ere, -ore, and -ire. | |||
* Participles | |||
Luthic has two participles that function as verbal adjectives, agreeing in gender, case, and number with the nouns they modify. | |||
1. Present participle: describes an ongoing action. It is formed by adding -ante on -are verbs, -ente on -ere and -ire verbs and -onte on -ore verbs. Declinable as Classes 4m and 4f. | |||
2. Past participle: describes a completed action. Its endings are -atu, -utu, -otu, and -itu, respectively, for each conjugation class (Classes 1, 2 & 3 adjectives). As shown, the past participle is the fundamental component for forming all compound tenses and analytic passive voices. | |||
* Gerund | |||
The Luthic form ending in -andu, -endu, or -ondu (depending on conjugation class) serves a dual role as both a gerund and a gerundive, a distinction inherited from Classical Latin. | |||
1. As a gerund, it functions as an Class 3 verbal noun or adverb to name an action or to express the manner of an action. | |||
2. As a gerundive, it functions as a declinable Classes 1, 2 & 3 verbal adjective, expressing necessity, obligation, or fitness. | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||