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Luthic: Difference between revisions
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* Affirmative imperative: the affirmative command has specific forms for the second-person singular, dual and plural, which are derived from the verb stem. | * Affirmative imperative: the affirmative command has specific forms for the second-person singular, dual and plural, which are derived from the verb stem. | ||
* Negative imperative (prohibition): negative commands are formed periphrastically. The prohibition is expressed by the negative particle followed by the verb’s full infinitive form. This same construction is used for both singular, dual and plural addressees. | * Negative imperative (prohibition): negative commands are formed periphrastically. The prohibition is expressed by the negative particle followed by the verb’s full infinitive form. This same construction is used for both singular, dual and plural addressees. | ||
: * (prohibition) non rogire! → Do not speak! | :* (prohibition) non rogire! → Do not speak! | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:40%; table-layout:fixed;" | |||
|+ Affirmative imperative | |||
! style="width:20%;" | Affirmative | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -are | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ere | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ore | |||
! style="width:20%;" | -ire | |||
|- | |||
! þú | |||
| -a || -e || -o || -i | |||
|- | |||
! gio | |||
| -aze || -eze || -oze || -ize | |||
|- | |||
! giu | |||
| -ate || -ete || -ote || -ite | |||
|} | |||
====Non-finite forms==== | |||
In addition to its finite forms, which are marked for tense and person, Luthic possesses four non-finite verb forms: the infinitive, the gerund, the present participle, and the past participle. These forms do not conjugate for person and typically function as verbal nouns or adjectives. | |||
* Infinitive | |||
:* The infinitive is the base form of the verb, functioning as a verbal noun that names the action. As previously established, it is the form used for dictionary entries and is marked by one of the four thematic endings that define the verb's conjugation class: -are, -ere, -ore, and -ire. | |||
* Participles | |||
Luthic has two participles that function as verbal adjectives, agreeing in gender, case, and number with the nouns they modify. | |||
:* Present participle: describes an ongoing action. It is formed by adding -ante on -are verbs, -ente on -ere and -ire verbs and -onte on -ore verbs. Declinable as Classes 4m and 4f. | |||
:* Past participle: describes a completed action. Its endings are -atu, -utu, -otu, and -itu, respectively, for each conjugation class (Classes 1, 2 & 3 adjectives). As shown, the past participle is the fundamental component for forming all compound tenses and analytic passive voices. | |||
* Gerund | |||
The Luthic form ending in -andu, -endu, or -ondu (depending on conjugation class) serves a dual role as both a gerund and a gerundive, a distinction inherited from Classical Latin. | |||
:* As a gerund, it functions as an Class 3 verbal noun or adverb to name an action or to express the manner of an action. | |||
:* As a gerundive, it functions as a declinable Classes 1, 2 & 3 verbal adjective, expressing necessity, obligation, or fitness. | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||