Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions
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|fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]] | |fam2=[[w:Germanic Languages|Germanic]] | ||
|fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]] | |fam3=[[w:North Germanic|North Germanic]] | ||
|fam4=[[w: | |fam4=[[w:East Scandinavian|East Scandinavian]] | ||
|script1=Latn | |script1=Latn | ||
|script2=Brai | |script2=Brai | ||
|ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]] | |ancestor=[[w:Old Norse language|Old Norse]] | ||
|ancestor2=[[w:Old | |ancestor2=[[w:Old East Norse|Old East Norse]] | ||
|ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]] | |ancestor3=[[Húsnorsk]] | ||
|creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]] | |creator=[[User:Wfeozawra|Melinoë]] | ||
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}} | }} | ||
[[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: Varhúsnorsk: ''Húsanorska'', /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: ''Hússnorska'', /xuːt͡s.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk ''Húsinorska'', /xʊu̯.sɪ.no̞r.skɐ/) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk | [[Húsnorsk]] (/husnorsk/; [[w:endonym|endonym]]: Varhúsnorsk: ''Húsanorska'', /xuː.sa.nor.ska/; Nygadsnorsk: ''Hússnorska'', /xuːt͡s.nor.ska/; Jugsnorsk ''Húsinorska'', /xʊu̯.sɪ.no̞r.skɐ/) is a distinct Nordic language (or possibly two closely related languages), it is so named "House Norse" for its historical vernacular status. Húsnorsk has long been considered the continuation of the Norse spoken by the Varangians. Húsnorsk is considered decently divergent for a Nordic language, often being unintelligible to the others (Take Varhúsnorsk /au̯.dɐ/ Nygadsnorsk /ɔ:.dɐ/, Jugsnorsk /o̞u.dɐ/ vs Swedish /al/, Danish /ælˀ/, Icelandic /atlʏr/, and Old (West) Norse /ɑlːr̩/) | ||
While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to earn distinct articles, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be separated. This article will present all three in detail side-by-side as if in comparison to each other. | While Nygadsnorsk and Jugsnorsk are often considered dialects of Húsnorsk, they are divergent enough to earn distinct articles, where Varhúsnorsk (or Standard Húsnorsk; Geneologically ''Common Húsnorsk'') is also distinct enough from both to be separated. This article will present all three in detail side-by-side as if in comparison to each other. | ||
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The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See [[w:Onfim|Onfim]] for an example of this from the same area). | The earliest records of Húsnorsk come from birch bark letters in Novgorod, these letters tend to be rather short though. Many of these seem to be from educational settings, teaching children to read and write (See [[w:Onfim|Onfim]] for an example of this from the same area). | ||
:"ek drep | :"ek drep drøgj" - no. 173 from the Húsnorsk educational birch collection, reading "I kill draugr", with "draugr" ("drøgj") mistakenly in the nominative instead of the accusative. | ||
The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See [[w:Novgorod#History|Novgorod's history]]), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, | The Húsnorsk are considered the descendants of the Varangians who lived in this area, and this is historically supported through many records (See [[w:Novgorod#History|Novgorod's history]]), as such, Húsnorsk is often considered the continuation of the Old Norse spoken by Novgorodians, which, too, is well supported, seeing as how Húsnorsk is East Nordic. | ||
Húsnorsk diverged significantly from the other Nordic languages quite early on, we see orthographic changes within the first few centuries after Old Norse is dated at splitting apart, the most major early change is the development of post-vocalic /l/, as the spellings for it seem to have changed rapidly among the entire populace (see " | Húsnorsk diverged significantly from the other Nordic languages quite early on, we see orthographic changes within the first few centuries after Old Norse is dated at splitting apart, the most major early change is the development of post-vocalic /l/, as the spellings for it seem to have changed rapidly among the entire populace (see "auj" for Old East Norse "alʀ"). | ||
===Middle Húsnorsk (1350AD~1600AD)=== | ===Middle Húsnorsk (1350AD~1600AD)=== | ||
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The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be indented. | The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be indented. | ||
*/ar/ to / | */ar/ to /ɐ/. | ||
*/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels. | */xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels. | ||
**Masculine a-stems reformed to all end in - | **Masculine a-stems reformed to all end in -ʀ regardless of final consonant (Before /ʀ/ > /j/ due to some recorded misspellings) | ||
*/ | */ʀ/ to /j/ | ||
*/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/) | */Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/) | ||
*/mb, nd, ŋg/ to / | */mb, nd, ŋg/ to /bː, dː, gː/ | ||
**Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on) | **Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on) | ||
*/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/ | */rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/ | ||
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*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/ | */fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/ | ||
*<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals | *<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals | ||
*post-vocalic /r/ to /ə/ (the timing is extremely unclear as it never changed spelling) | |||
*final nasals to nasalization when following a vowel. (thus the dative plural -um becomes /ũ/) | |||
===Húmgądsnorską=== | ===Húmgądsnorską=== | ||
*coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (/n:/ > /tn/) | *coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (/n:/ > /tn/) | ||
**-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout | **-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout | ||
***see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to | ***see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to Nygadsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change) | ||
**Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems | **Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems | ||
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/ | *Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/ | ||
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===Jugsnorską=== | ===Jugsnorską=== | ||
*coda geminates shorten | *coda geminates shorten | ||
**-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -nn- throughout | **-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -nn(j)- throughout | ||
***see Old Norse "ǫðrum" (dative plural of "annarr") and "maðr" to Jugsnorsk " | ***see Old Norse "ǫðrum" (dative plural of "annarr") and "maðr" to Jugsnorsk "onnú" and "mannj" | ||
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/ | *Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/ | ||
*/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/ | */r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/ | ||
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*The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/<ref>Húmvera, Aska. "The chronological development of Jugsnorsk from Old Norse"</ref> | *The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/<ref>Húmvera, Aska. "The chronological development of Jugsnorsk from Old Norse"</ref> | ||
at some point both turn nasal vowels into long vowels. | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Varhúsnorsk=== | ===Varhúsnorsk=== | ||