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'''Kliqel''' is a dialect of [[Iskel]] which is primarily distinct from the others in its phonology. Therefore, its orthography differs from other dialects for both romanization and native script. Its orthography is quite similar to [[Lanikel orthography|Lanikel's orthography]], another dialect of Iskel, but has crucial differences. | |||
== Romanization == | |||
=== Consonants === | |||
Some consonants can be written with either digraphs or a non-ASCII monograph. Syllabic consonants are always written as digraphs, however. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! rowspan="3" |Occlusive Consonant | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!m | |||
!n | |||
!ɲ | |||
!ɴ | |||
!mʷ | |||
!nʷ | |||
!ɲʷ | |||
!p | |||
!t | |||
!q | |||
!b | |||
!t͡s | |||
!d͡z | |||
!ŋ͡ʇ | |||
!ŋ͡ǃ¡ | |||
!ŋ͡ǂ | |||
!k͡ʇʰ | |||
!k͡ʇ | |||
!k͡ǃ¡ | |||
!k͡ǁ | |||
!k͡ǂ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme | |||
|''m'' | |||
|''n'' | |||
|''ny'' | |||
|''ng'' | |||
|''mů'' | |||
|''nů'' | |||
|''nẙ'' | |||
|''p'' | |||
|''t'' | |||
|''q'' | |||
|''b'' | |||
|''ts'' | |||
|''dz'' | |||
|''cn'' | |||
|''kn'' | |||
|''kñ'' | |||
|''cs'' | |||
|''ct'' | |||
|''kr'' | |||
|''kl'' | |||
|''ky'' | |||
|- | |||
|''m'' | |||
|''n'' | |||
|''ñ'' | |||
|''ŋ'' | |||
|''mů'' | |||
|''nů'' | |||
|''nẙ'' | |||
|''p'' | |||
|''t'' | |||
|''q'' | |||
|''b'' | |||
|''ĉ'' | |||
|''ẑ'' | |||
|''cn'' | |||
|''kn'' | |||
|''kñ'' | |||
|''cs'' | |||
|''ct'' | |||
|''kr'' | |||
|''kl'' | |||
|''ky'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" |Continuant Consonant | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!ɸ | |||
!θ | |||
!s | |||
!ɬ | |||
!ç | |||
!χ | |||
!h | |||
!β | |||
!ð | |||
!z | |||
!ʝ | |||
!w | |||
!ɾ | |||
!l | |||
!j | |||
!r | |||
!ʀ | |||
! colspan="4" rowspan="3" | | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme | |||
|''f'' | |||
|''th'' | |||
|''s'' | |||
|''lh'' | |||
|''ch'' | |||
|''x'' | |||
|''h'' | |||
|''v'' | |||
|''d'' | |||
|''z'' | |||
|''j'' | |||
|''w'' | |||
|''r'' | |||
|''l'' | |||
|''y'' | |||
|''rr'' | |||
|''g'' | |||
|- | |||
|''f'' | |||
|''þ'' | |||
|''s'' | |||
|''ł'' | |||
|''ç'' | |||
|''x'' | |||
|''h'' | |||
|''v'' | |||
|''d'' | |||
|''z'' | |||
|''j'' | |||
|''w'' | |||
|''r'' | |||
|''l'' | |||
|''y'' | |||
|''ř'' | |||
|''g'' | |||
|} | |||
=== Vowels === | |||
Vowels with the circumflex diacritics change diacritics based on suprasegmentals, specified later in this article. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! rowspan="2" |Toneless Vowel | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!i | |||
!ɯ | |||
!u | |||
!e | |||
!ɤ | |||
!o | |||
!ɛ | |||
!ɔ | |||
!a | |||
!ɑ | |||
|- | |||
!Grapheme | |||
|''i'' | |||
|''î'' | |||
|''u'' | |||
|''e'' | |||
|''û'' | |||
|''o'' | |||
|''ê'' | |||
|''ô'' | |||
|''a'' | |||
|''â'' | |||
|} | |||
=== Syllabic Consonants === | |||
Toneless syllabic consonants are written with an overdot. On digraphs, the underdot is written only on the first letter (e.g. /ɴ̩ ʀ̩/ get written ⟨ṇg ṛr⟩). The toneless syllabic consonants /ʝ̍ j̍/ are instead written ⟨ẏh ẏ⟩. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! rowspan="2" |Toneless Syllabic Consonant | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!m̩ | |||
!n̩ | |||
!ɲ̩ | |||
!ɴ̩ | |||
!m̩ʷ | |||
!n̩ʷ | |||
!ɲ̩ʷ | |||
!β̩ | |||
!ð̩ | |||
!z̩ | |||
!ʝ̍ | |||
!w̩ | |||
!l̩ | |||
!j̍ | |||
!ɾ̩ | |||
!ʀ̩ | |||
|- | |||
!Grapheme | |||
|''ṃ'' | |||
|''ṇ'' | |||
|''ṇy'' | |||
|''ṇg'' | |||
|''ṃů'' | |||
|''ṇů'' | |||
|''ṇẙ'' | |||
|''ṿ'' | |||
|''ḍ'' | |||
|''ẓ'' | |||
|''ẏh'' | |||
|''ẉ'' | |||
|''ḷ'' | |||
|''ẏ'' | |||
|''ṛ'' | |||
|''ṛr'' | |||
|} | |||
=== Tones === | |||
High tone on vowels is marked with an acute accent on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a circumflex, the circumflex is replaced with a grave accent (e.g. /í ɯ́/ are ⟨í ì⟩). | |||
Mid tone on vowels is marked with a breve on vowels without a diacritic. On vowels with a circumflex, the circumflex is replaced with a tilde (e.g. /ī ɯ̄/ are ⟨ĭ ĩ⟩). | |||
Low tone is marked with an apostrophe before the nucleus. | |||
Because word-initial high tone words are most common, Iskel romanizes them differently to avoid extensive diacritic use: a high tone on a multisyllabic word is not written if there is only one high tone and it's word initial. Multisyllabic words with no tones are written as if they have a word-initial high tone. | |||
For polypthongs, tone (not including low tone because it has unusual romanization) is always written on the first vowel grapheme, so every vowel with a tone diacritic begins its syllable's nucleus. It is therefore unnecessary to use a diaerisis on such vowels. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! rowspan="2" |High Tone Vowel | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!i˥ | |||
!ɯ˥ | |||
!u˥ | |||
!e˥ | |||
!ɤ˥ | |||
!o˥ | |||
!ɛ˥ | |||
!ɔ˥ | |||
!a˥ | |||
!ɑ˥ | |||
|- | |||
!Grapheme | |||
|''í'' | |||
|''ì'' | |||
|''ú'' | |||
|''é'' | |||
|''ù'' | |||
|''ó'' | |||
|''è'' | |||
|''ò'' | |||
|''á'' | |||
|''à'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone Vowel | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!i˧ | |||
!ɯ˧ | |||
!u˧ | |||
!e˧ | |||
!ɤ˧ | |||
!o˧ | |||
!ɛ˧ | |||
!ɔ˧ | |||
!a˧ | |||
!ɑ˧ | |||
|- | |||
!Grapheme | |||
|''ĭ'' | |||
|''ĩ'' | |||
|''ŭ'' | |||
|''ĕ'' | |||
|''ũ'' | |||
|''ŏ'' | |||
|''ẽ'' | |||
|''õ'' | |||
|''ă'' | |||
|''ã'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone Vowel | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!i˩ | |||
!ɯ˩ | |||
!u˩ | |||
!e˩ | |||
!ɤ˩ | |||
!o˩ | |||
!ɛ˩ | |||
!ɔ˩ | |||
!a˩ | |||
!ɑ˩ | |||
|- | |||
!Grapheme | |||
|''<nowiki/>'i'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'î'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'u'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'e'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'û'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'o'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ê'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ô'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'a'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'â'' | |||
|} | |||
High tone syllabic consonants /ḿ̩ ń̩ ɲ̩́ ɴ̩́ ḿ̩ʷ ń̩ʷ ɲ̩́ʷ ź̩ ʝ̩́ ẃ̩ ĺ̩ j̩́ ɾ̩́ ʀ̩́/ have their underdots replaced with the acute accent ⟨ḿ ń ńy ńg ḿů ńů ńẙ ź ýh ẃ ĺ ý ŕ ŕr⟩. High tone /ð̩/ is written with ⟨ð⟩ instead of ⟨d́⟩, and high tone /β̩/ is written with a ⟨ŵ⟩. | |||
Mid tone syllabic consonants are written similar to their toneless forms, but with overdots instead of underdots. The mid tone /β̩̄ j̩̄/, however, are written ⟨ẅ ÿ⟩. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! rowspan="2" |High Tone Syllabic Consonant | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!m̩˥ | |||
!n̩˥ | |||
!ɲ̩˥ | |||
!ɴ̩˥ | |||
!m̩ʷ˥ | |||
!n̩ʷ˥ | |||
!ɲ̩ʷ˥ | |||
!β̩˥ | |||
!ð̩˥ | |||
!z̩˥ | |||
!ʝ̍˥ | |||
!w̩˥ | |||
!l̩˥ | |||
!j̍˥ | |||
!ɾ̩˥ | |||
!ʀ̩˥ | |||
|- | |||
!Grapheme | |||
|''ḿ'' | |||
|''ń'' | |||
|''ńy'' | |||
|''ńg'' | |||
|''ḿů'' | |||
|''ńů'' | |||
|''ńẙ'' | |||
|''ŵ'' | |||
|''ð'' | |||
|''ź'' | |||
|''ýh'' | |||
|''ẃ'' | |||
|''ĺ'' | |||
|''ý'' | |||
|''ŕ'' | |||
|''ŕr'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone Syllabic Consonant | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!m̩˧ | |||
!n̩˧ | |||
!ɲ̩˧ | |||
!ɴ̩˧ | |||
!m̩ʷ˧ | |||
!n̩ʷ˧ | |||
!ɲ̩ʷ˧ | |||
!β̩˧ | |||
!ð̩˧ | |||
!z̩˧ | |||
!ʝ̍˧ | |||
!w̩˧ | |||
!l̩˧ | |||
!j̍˧ | |||
!ɾ̩˧ | |||
!ʀ̩˧ | |||
|- | |||
!Grapheme | |||
|''ṁ'' | |||
|''ṅ'' | |||
|''ṅy'' | |||
|''ṅg'' | |||
|''ṁů'' | |||
|''ṅů'' | |||
|''ṅẙ'' | |||
|''ẅ'' | |||
|''ḋ'' | |||
|''ż'' | |||
|''ÿh'' | |||
|''ẇ'' | |||
|''ŀ'' | |||
|''ÿ'' | |||
|''ṙ'' | |||
|''ṙr'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone Syllabic Consonant | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!m̩˩ | |||
!n̩˩ | |||
!ɲ̩˩ | |||
!ɴ̩˩ | |||
!m̩ʷ˩ | |||
!n̩ʷ˩ | |||
!ɲ̩ʷ˩ | |||
!β̩˩ | |||
!ð̩˩ | |||
!z̩˩ | |||
!ʝ̍˩ | |||
!w̩˩ | |||
!l̩˩ | |||
!j̍˩ | |||
!ɾ̩˩ | |||
!ʀ̩˩ | |||
|- | |||
!Grapheme | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṃ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṃů'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṇů'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṇẙ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṿ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ḍ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ẏh'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ẉ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ḷ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ẏ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṛ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṛr'' | |||
|} | |||
=== Gemination === | |||
Geminated single-letter phonemes are written by doubling their letter. Geminated digraphs are written by doubling their first letter. | |||
Geminated syllabic consonants are marked by doubling the letter with the syllabic or tone diacritic. The syllabic geminate consonant /ʀ̩ː/ is only written with two marked ⟨r⟩s instead of two marked ⟨r⟩s and an unmarked one. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="22" |Geminate Romanization | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="6" |Consonant | |||
! rowspan="3" |Occlusive | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!ɱː | |||
!nː | |||
!ɲː | |||
!ŋː | |||
!pː | |||
!tː | |||
!t͡ʃː | |||
!kː | |||
!ʔː | |||
!bː | |||
!d͡zː | |||
!d͡ʒː | |||
!ɡː | |||
!ŋ͡ʇː | |||
!ŋ͡ǃ¡ː | |||
!ŋ͡ǂː | |||
!k͡ʇː | |||
!k͡ǃ¡ː | |||
!k͡ǂː | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme | |||
|''mm'' | |||
|''nn'' | |||
|''nny'' | |||
|''nng'' | |||
|''pp'' | |||
|''tt'' | |||
|''cch'' | |||
|''kk'' | |||
|''qq'' | |||
|''bb'' | |||
|''ddz'' | |||
|''jj'' | |||
|''gg'' | |||
|''ccn'' | |||
|''ccǹ'' | |||
|''ccñ'' | |||
|''cct'' | |||
|''ccl'' | |||
|''ccy'' | |||
|- | |||
|''mm'' | |||
|''nn'' | |||
|''ññ'' | |||
|''ŋŋ'' | |||
|''pp'' | |||
|''tt'' | |||
|''čč'' | |||
|''kk'' | |||
|''qq'' | |||
|''bb'' | |||
|''ẑẑ'' | |||
|''jj'' | |||
|''gg'' | |||
|''ccn'' | |||
|''ccǹ'' | |||
|''ccñ'' | |||
|''cct'' | |||
|''ccl'' | |||
|''ccy'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" |Continuant | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!fː | |||
!θː | |||
!sː | |||
!ʃː | |||
!ʎ̝̊ː | |||
!xː | |||
!hː | |||
!vː | |||
!ðː | |||
!zː | |||
!ʒː | |||
!wː | |||
!lː | |||
!jː | |||
!w̃ː | |||
!l̃ː | |||
!j̃ː | |||
!ʀː | |||
! rowspan="3" | | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Grapheme | |||
|''ff'' | |||
|''tth'' | |||
|''ss'' | |||
|''ssh'' | |||
|''llh'' | |||
|''xx'' | |||
|''hh'' | |||
|''vv'' | |||
|''dd'' | |||
|''zz'' | |||
|''zzh'' | |||
|''ww'' | |||
|''ll'' | |||
|''yy'' | |||
|''wwǹ'' | |||
|''llǹ'' | |||
|''yyǹ'' | |||
|''rrr'' | |||
|- | |||
|''ff'' | |||
|''þþ'' | |||
|''ss'' | |||
|''šš'' | |||
|''çç'' | |||
|''xx'' | |||
|''hh'' | |||
|''vv'' | |||
|''dd'' | |||
|''zz'' | |||
|''žž'' | |||
|''ww'' | |||
|''ll'' | |||
|''yy'' | |||
|''ṽṽ'' | |||
|''łł'' | |||
|''ỹỹ'' | |||
|''řř'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="8" |Syllabic Consonant | |||
! rowspan="2" |Toneless | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!ɱ̩ː | |||
!n̩ː | |||
!ɲ̩ː | |||
!ŋ̩ː | |||
!v̩ː | |||
!ð̩ː | |||
!z̩ː | |||
!ʒ̍ː | |||
!w̩ː | |||
!l̩ː | |||
!j̍ː | |||
!w̩̃ː | |||
!l̩̃ː | |||
!j̩̃ː | |||
!ʀ̩ː | |||
! colspan="4" rowspan="8" | | |||
|- | |||
!Grapheme | |||
|''ṃṃ'' | |||
|''ṇṇ'' | |||
|''ṇṇy'' | |||
|''ṇṇg'' | |||
|''ṿṿ'' | |||
|''ḍḍ'' | |||
|''ẓẓ'' | |||
|''ẓẓh'' | |||
|''ẉẉ'' | |||
|''ḷḷ'' | |||
|''ẏẏ'' | |||
|''ẉẉǹ'' | |||
|''ḷḷǹ'' | |||
|''ẏẏǹ'' | |||
|''ṛṛ'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |High Tone | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!ɱ̩ː˥ | |||
!n̩ː˥ | |||
!ɲ̩ː˥ | |||
!ŋ̩ː˥ | |||
!v̩ː˥ | |||
!ð̩ː˥ | |||
!z̩ː˥ | |||
!ʒ̍ː˥ | |||
!w̩ː˥ | |||
!l̩ː˥ | |||
!j̍ː˥ | |||
!w̩̃ː˥ | |||
!l̩̃ː˥ | |||
!j̩̃ː˥ | |||
!ʀ̩ː˥ | |||
|- | |||
!Grapheme | |||
|''ḿḿ'' | |||
|''ńń'' | |||
|''ńńy'' | |||
|''ńńg'' | |||
|''ŵŵ'' | |||
|''ðð'' | |||
|''źź'' | |||
|''źźh'' | |||
|''ẃẃ'' | |||
|''ĺĺ'' | |||
|''ýý'' | |||
|''ẃẃǹ'' | |||
|''ĺĺǹ'' | |||
|''ýýǹ'' | |||
|''ŕŕ'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!ɱ̩ː˧ | |||
!n̩ː˧ | |||
!ɲ̩ː˧ | |||
!ŋ̩ː˧ | |||
!v̩ː˧ | |||
!ð̩ː˧ | |||
!z̩ː˧ | |||
!ʒ̍ː˧ | |||
!w̩ː˧ | |||
!l̩ː˧ | |||
!j̍ː˧ | |||
!w̩̃ː˧ | |||
!l̩̃ː˧ | |||
!j̩̃ː˧ | |||
!ʀ̩ː˧ | |||
|- | |||
!Grapheme | |||
|''ṁṁ'' | |||
|''ṅṅ'' | |||
|''ṅṅy'' | |||
|''ṅṅg'' | |||
|''ẅẅ'' | |||
|''ḋḋ'' | |||
|''żż'' | |||
|''żżh'' | |||
|''ẇẇ'' | |||
|''ŀŀ'' | |||
|''ÿÿ'' | |||
|''ẇẇǹ'' | |||
|''ŀŀǹ'' | |||
|''ÿÿǹ'' | |||
|''ṙṙ'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!ɱ̩ː˩ | |||
!n̩ː˩ | |||
!ɲ̩ː˩ | |||
!ŋ̩ː˩ | |||
!v̩ː˩ | |||
!ð̩ː˩ | |||
!z̩ː˩ | |||
!ʒ̍ː˩ | |||
!w̩ː˩ | |||
!l̩ː˩ | |||
!j̍ː˩ | |||
!w̩̃ː˩ | |||
!l̩̃ː˩ | |||
!j̩̃ː˩ | |||
!ʀ̩ː˩ | |||
|- | |||
!Grapheme | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṃṃ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇy'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṇṇg'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṿṿ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ḍḍ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ẓẓh'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ẉẉǹ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ḷḷǹ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ẏẏǹ'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṛṛ'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="8" |Vowel | |||
! rowspan="2" |Toneless | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!iː | |||
!ɪː | |||
!ʊː | |||
!uː | |||
!eː | |||
!əː | |||
!ʌː | |||
!oː | |||
!aː | |||
!ɑː | |||
! colspan="9" rowspan="8" | | |||
|- | |||
!Grapheme | |||
|''ii'' | |||
|''îî'' | |||
|''ûû'' | |||
|''uu'' | |||
|''ee'' | |||
|''êê'' | |||
|''ôô'' | |||
|''oo'' | |||
|''aa'' | |||
|''ââ'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |High Tone | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!iː˥ | |||
!ɪː˥ | |||
!ʊː˥ | |||
!uː˥ | |||
!eː˥ | |||
!əː˥ | |||
!ʌː˥ | |||
!oː˥ | |||
!aː˥ | |||
!ɑː˥ | |||
|- | |||
!Grapheme | |||
|''íí'' | |||
|''ìì'' | |||
|''ùù'' | |||
|''úú'' | |||
|''éé'' | |||
|''èè'' | |||
|''òò'' | |||
|''óó'' | |||
|''áá'' | |||
|''àà'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Mid Tone | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!iː˧ | |||
!ɪː˧ | |||
!ʊː˧ | |||
!uː˧ | |||
!eː˧ | |||
!əː˧ | |||
!ʌː˧ | |||
!oː˧ | |||
!aː˧ | |||
!ɑː˧ | |||
|- | |||
!Grapheme | |||
|''ĭĭ'' | |||
|''ĩĩ'' | |||
|''ũũ'' | |||
|''ŭŭ'' | |||
|''ĕĕ'' | |||
|''ẽẽ'' | |||
|''õõ'' | |||
|''ŏŏ'' | |||
|''ăă'' | |||
|''ãã'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Low Tone | |||
!Phoneme | |||
!iː˩ | |||
!ɪː˩ | |||
!ʊː˩ | |||
!uː˩ | |||
!eː˩ | |||
!əː˩ | |||
!ʌː˩ | |||
!oː˩ | |||
!aː˩ | |||
!ɑː˩ | |||
|- | |||
!Grapheme | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ii'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'îî'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ûû'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'uu'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ee'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'êê'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ôô'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'oo'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'aa'' | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ââ'' | |||
|} | |||
=== Disambiguation === | |||
Many consonant phonemes are expressed with multigraphs that have an equivalent cluster. They are differenciated orthographically with apostrophes placed between consonant graphemes in a cluster. | |||
Polyphthongs are written by simply juxtaposing vowel letters together. Since all two- or three-vowel clusters contrast with a polypthong, a diaerisis is placed on the non-first grapheme(s) of such clusters to distinguish them. | |||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" | |||
! colspan="15" |Multigraph Disambiguation | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="6" |Consonants (All) | |||
! colspan="3" |Syllabic Consonants (All) | |||
! colspan="6" |Vowels (Examples) | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" |Digraph | |||
! colspan="3" |Trigraph | |||
! colspan="3" |Digraph | |||
! colspan="3" |Short Vowel Multigraph | |||
! colspan="3" |Long Vowel Multigraph | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Grapheme | |||
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes | |||
! colspan="2" |Grapheme | |||
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes | |||
! colspan="2" |Grapheme | |||
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes | |||
! colspan="2" |Grapheme | |||
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes | |||
! colspan="2" |Grapheme | |||
! rowspan="2" |Phonemes | |||
|- | |||
!Base | |||
!Distinction | |||
!Base | |||
!Distinction | |||
!Base | |||
!Distinction | |||
!Base | |||
!Distinction | |||
!Base | |||
!Distinction | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |dz | |||
|''dz'' | |||
|/d͡z/ | |||
! rowspan="3" |ddz | |||
|''ddz'' | |||
|/d͡zː/ | |||
! rowspan="2" |ṇy | |||
|''ṇy'' | |||
|/ɲ̩/ | |||
! rowspan="2" |ie | |||
|ie | |||
|/i͡e/ | |||
! rowspan="4" |iea | |||
|iea | |||
|/i͡e͡a/ | |||
|- | |||
|''d'z'' | |||
|/ðz/ | |||
|''d'dz'' | |||
|/ðd͡z/ | |||
|''ṇ'y'' | |||
|/n̩j/ | |||
|iē | |||
|/i.e/ | |||
|iēa | |||
|/i.e͡a/ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" | | |||
|''dd'z'' | |||
|/ðːz/ | |||
! rowspan="2" |ńy | |||
|''ńy'' | |||
|/ɲ̩˥/ | |||
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" | | |||
|ieā | |||
|/i͡e.a/ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |lh | |||
|lh | |||
|/ʎ̝̊/ | |||
! rowspan="3" |llh | |||
|''llh'' | |||
|/ʎ̝̊ː/ | |||
|''ń'y'' | |||
|/n̩˥j/ | |||
|iēā | |||
|/i.e.a/ | |||
|- | |||
|''l'h'' | |||
|/lh/ | |||
|''l'lh'' | |||
|/lʎ̝̊/ | |||
! rowspan="2" |ṅy | |||
|''ṅy'' | |||
|/ɲ̩˧/ | |||
! rowspan="2" |ui | |||
|ui | |||
|/u͡i/ | |||
! rowspan="4" |uio | |||
|uio | |||
|/u͡i͡o/ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" | | |||
|''ll'h'' | |||
|/lːh/ | |||
|''ṅ'y'' | |||
|/n̩˧j/ | |||
|uī | |||
|/u.i/ | |||
|uīo | |||
|/u.i͡o/ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |ng | |||
|''ng'' | |||
|/ŋ/ | |||
! rowspan="3" |nng | |||
|''nng'' | |||
|/ŋː/ | |||
! rowspan="2" |'ṇy | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṇy'' | |||
|/ɲ̩˩/ | |||
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" | | |||
|uiō | |||
|/u͡i.o/ | |||
|- | |||
|''n'g'' | |||
|/nɡ/ | |||
|''n'ng'' | |||
|/nŋ/ | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'y'' | |||
|/n̩˩j/ | |||
|uīō | |||
|/u.i.o/ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" | | |||
|''nn'g'' | |||
|/nːɡ/ | |||
! rowspan="2" |ṇg | |||
|''ṇg'' | |||
|/ŋ̩/ | |||
! rowspan="2" |oa | |||
|oa | |||
|/o͡a/ | |||
! rowspan="4" |oae | |||
|oae | |||
|/o͡a͡e/ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |ny | |||
|''ny'' | |||
|/ɲ/ | |||
! rowspan="3" |nny | |||
|''nny'' | |||
|/ɲː/ | |||
|''ṇ'g'' | |||
|/n̩ɡ/ | |||
|oā | |||
|/o.a/ | |||
|oāe | |||
|/o.a͡e/ | |||
|- | |||
|''n'y'' | |||
|/nj/ | |||
|''n'ny'' | |||
|/nɲ/ | |||
! rowspan="2" |ńg | |||
|''ńg'' | |||
|/ŋ̩˥/ | |||
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" | | |||
|oaē | |||
|/o͡a.e/ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" rowspan="4" | | |||
|''nn'y'' | |||
|/nːj/ | |||
|''ń'g'' | |||
|/n̩˥ɡ/ | |||
|oāē | |||
|/o.a.e/ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" |rrr | |||
|''rrr'' | |||
|/ʀː/ | |||
! rowspan="2" |ṅg | |||
|''ṅg'' | |||
|/ŋ̩˧/ | |||
! rowspan="2" |iê | |||
|iê | |||
|/i͡ə/ | |||
! rowspan="4" |iêa | |||
|iêa | |||
|/i͡ə͡a/ | |||
|- | |||
|''rr'r'' | |||
|/ʀɾ/ | |||
|''ṅ'g'' | |||
|/n̩˧ɡ/ | |||
|ië | |||
|/i.ə/ | |||
|iëa | |||
|/i.ə͡a/ | |||
|- | |||
|''r'rr'' | |||
|/ɾʀ/ | |||
! rowspan="2" |'ṇg | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṇg'' | |||
|/ŋ̩˩/ | |||
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" | | |||
|iêā | |||
|/i͡ə.a/ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |sh | |||
|''sh'' | |||
|/ʃ/ | |||
! rowspan="3" |ssh | |||
|''ssh'' | |||
|/ʃː/ | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ṇ'g'' | |||
|/n̩ɡ/ | |||
|iëā | |||
|/i.ə.a/ | |||
|- | |||
|''s'h'' | |||
|/sh/ | |||
|''s'sh'' | |||
|/sʃ/ | |||
! rowspan="2" |ẓh | |||
|''ẓh'' | |||
|/ʒ̍/ | |||
! rowspan="2" |ûi | |||
|ûi | |||
|/ʊ͡i/ | |||
! rowspan="4" |ûiô | |||
|ûiô | |||
|/ʊ͡i͡ʌ/ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" | | |||
|''ss'h'' | |||
|/sːh/ | |||
|''ẓ'h'' | |||
|/z̩h/ | |||
|ûī | |||
|/ʊ.i/ | |||
|ûīô | |||
|/ʊ.i͡ʌ/ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |th | |||
|''th'' | |||
|/θ/ | |||
! rowspan="3" |tth | |||
|''tth'' | |||
|/θː/ | |||
! rowspan="2" |źh | |||
|''źh'' | |||
|/ʒ̍˥/ | |||
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" | | |||
|ûiö | |||
|/ʊ͡i.ʌ/ | |||
|- | |||
|''t'h'' | |||
|/th/ | |||
|''t'th'' | |||
|/tθ/ | |||
|''ź'h'' | |||
|/z̩˥h/ | |||
|ûīö | |||
|/ʊ.i.ʌ/ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" | | |||
|''tt'h'' | |||
|/tːh/ | |||
! rowspan="2" |żh | |||
|''żh'' | |||
|/ʒ̍˧/ | |||
! rowspan="2" |ôâ | |||
|ôâ | |||
|/ʌ͡ɑ/ | |||
! rowspan="4" |ôâê | |||
|ôâê | |||
|/ʌ͡ɑ͡ə/ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |zh | |||
|''zh'' | |||
|/ʒ/ | |||
! rowspan="3" |zzh | |||
|''zzh'' | |||
|/ʒː/ | |||
|''ż'h'' | |||
|/z̩˧h/ | |||
|ôä | |||
|/ʌ.ɑ/ | |||
|ôäê | |||
|/ʌ.ɑ͡ə/ | |||
|- | |||
|''z'h'' | |||
|/zh/ | |||
|''z'zh'' | |||
|/zʒ/ | |||
! rowspan="2" |'ẓh | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ẓh'' | |||
|/ʒ̍˩/ | |||
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" | | |||
|ôâë | |||
|/ʌ͡ɑ.ə/ | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="3" | | |||
|''zz'h'' | |||
|/zːh/ | |||
|''<nowiki/>'ẓ'h'' | |||
|/z̩˩h/ | |||
|ôäë | |||
|/ʌ.ɑ.ə/ | |||
|} | |||