Glommish: Difference between revisions
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|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''make'' || ''maker'' || ''makþь'' || ''makem'' || '' | | ''make'' || ''maker'' || ''makþь'' || ''makem'' || ''makþ'' || ''maken'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''make'' || ''makes'' || ''make'' || ''makem'' || '' | | ''make'' || ''makes'' || ''make'' || ''makem'' || ''makeþ'' || ''maken'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''mak!'' / ''make!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''mak!'' / ''make!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''makþ!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''varmie'' || ''varmier'' || ''varmþь'' || ''varmiem'' || '' | | ''varmie'' || ''varmier'' || ''varmþь'' || ''varmiem'' || ''varmьþ'' || ''varmien'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''varmie'' || ''varmies'' || ''varmie'' || ''varmiem'' || '' | | ''varmie'' || ''varmies'' || ''varmie'' || ''varmiem'' || ''varmieþ'' || ''varmien'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''varmь!'' / ''varmie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''varmь!'' / ''varmie!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''varmьþ!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Also: ''arbýdien'' 'work'; ''hórien'' 'hear'; ''lýrien'' 'teach'; ''sadżen'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' ' | Also: ''arbýdien'' 'work'; ''hórien'' 'hear'; ''lýrien'' 'teach'; ''sadżen'' 'say'; ''ertalien'' 'teþ, recount'; ''ranien'' 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion' | ||
Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. ''brindżen, brachtie, bracht'' 'bring'; ''budżen, buchtie, bucht'' 'buy'; '' | Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. ''brindżen, brachtie, bracht'' 'bring'; ''budżen, buchtie, bucht'' 'buy'; ''þanczen, þachtie, þacht'' - 'think' form a smaþ subclass of soft stem thematic verbs. | ||
====Athematic verbs==== | ====Athematic verbs==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''bítie'' || ''bíter'' || ''bíteþь'' || ''bítem'' || '' | | ''bítie'' || ''bíter'' || ''bíteþь'' || ''bítem'' || ''bíteþ'' || ''bíten'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''bíte'' || ''bítes'' || ''bíte'' || ''bítem'' || '' | | ''bíte'' || ''bítes'' || ''bíte'' || ''bítem'' || ''bíteþ'' || ''bíten'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''bit'' || ''bitst'' || ''bit'' || ''bitem'' || '' | | ''bit'' || ''bitst'' || ''bit'' || ''bitem'' || ''biteþ'' || ''biten'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''bitie'' || ''bitiesd'' || ''bitie'' || ''bitiem'' || '' | | ''bitie'' || ''bitiesd'' || ''bitie'' || ''bitiem'' || ''bitieþ'' || ''bitien'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''bítь!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''bítь!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''bítieþ!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''czóse'' || ''czóser'' || ''czóseþь'' || ''czósem'' || '' | | ''czóse'' || ''czóser'' || ''czóseþь'' || ''czósem'' || ''czóseþ'' || ''czósen'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''czóse'' || ''czóses'' || ''czóse'' || ''czósem'' || '' | | ''czóse'' || ''czóses'' || ''czóse'' || ''czósem'' || ''czóseþ'' || ''czósen'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''kós'' || ''kóst'' || ''kós'' || ''kósem'' || '' | | ''kós'' || ''kóst'' || ''kós'' || ''kósem'' || ''kóseþ'' || ''kósen'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''kósie'' || ''kósiest'' || ''kósie'' || ''kósiem'' || '' | | ''kósie'' || ''kósiest'' || ''kósie'' || ''kósiem'' || ''kósieþ'' || ''kósien'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''czós!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''czós!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''czósieþ!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''binde'' || ''binder'' || ''bindeþь'' || ''bindem'' || '' | | ''binde'' || ''binder'' || ''bindeþь'' || ''bindem'' || ''bindeþ'' || ''binden'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''binde'' || ''bindes'' || ''binde'' || ''bindem'' || '' | | ''binde'' || ''bindes'' || ''binde'' || ''bindem'' || ''bindeþ'' || ''binden'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''band'' || ''bandst'' || ''band'' || ''bandem'' || '' | | ''band'' || ''bandst'' || ''band'' || ''bandem'' || ''bandeþ'' || ''banden'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''bind!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''bind!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''bindeþ!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Also: ''biedżinen, biegan, biegunen'' 'begin'; ''drinken, drank, drunken'' 'drink'; '' | Also: ''biedżinen, biegan, biegunen'' 'begin'; ''drinken, drank, drunken'' 'drink'; ''finþen, fanþ, funþen'' 'find'; ''grinden, grand, grunden'' 'grind'; ''rinen, ran, runen'' 'run'; ''springen, sprang, sprungen'' 'burst, explode'; ''singen, sang, sungen'' 'sing'; ''viarpen, varp, vurpen'' 'throw'; ''þringen, þrang, þrungen'' 'force someone' | ||
=====Strong class 4===== | =====Strong class 4===== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''barie'' || ''bariesd'' || ''barie'' || ''barem'' || '' | | ''barie'' || ''bariesd'' || ''barie'' || ''barem'' || ''barieþ'' || ''barien'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''dżave'' || ''dżaver'' || ''dżaveþь'' || ''dżavem'' || '' | | ''dżave'' || ''dżaver'' || ''dżaveþь'' || ''dżavem'' || ''dżaveþ'' || ''dżaven'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''dżave'' || ''dżaver'' || ''dżave'' || ''dżavem'' || '' | | ''dżave'' || ''dżaver'' || ''dżave'' || ''dżavem'' || ''dżaveþ'' || ''dżaven'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''gav'' || ''gavst'' || ''gav'' || ''gavem'' || '' | | ''gav'' || ''gavst'' || ''gav'' || ''gavem'' || ''gaveþ'' || ''gaven'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''gavie'' || ''gaviest'' || ''gavie'' || ''gaviem'' || '' | | ''gavie'' || ''gaviest'' || ''gavie'' || ''gaviem'' || ''gavieþ'' || ''gavien'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''dżav!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''dżav!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''dżiaveþ!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''grave'' || ''graver'' || ''graveþь'' || ''gravem'' || '' | | ''grave'' || ''graver'' || ''graveþь'' || ''gravem'' || ''graveþ'' || ''graven'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''grave'' || ''graves'' || ''grave'' || ''gravem'' || '' | | ''grave'' || ''graves'' || ''grave'' || ''gravem'' || ''graveþ'' || ''graven'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''gráv'' || ''grávst'' || ''gráv'' || ''grávem'' || '' | | ''gráv'' || ''grávst'' || ''gráv'' || ''grávem'' || ''gráveþ'' || ''gráven'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''grávie'' || ''graviesd'' || ''grávie'' || ''gráviem'' || '' | | ''grávie'' || ''graviesd'' || ''grávie'' || ''gráviem'' || ''grávieþ'' || ''grávien'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''grav!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''grav!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''graveþ!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
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=====Strong class 7===== | =====Strong class 7===== | ||
hýten, hít, híten - to be | hýten, hít, híten - to be caþed | ||
lópen, lióp, liópen - to leap | lópen, lióp, liópen - to leap | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''výt'' || ''výst'' || ''výt'' || ''vitem'' || '' | | ''výt'' || ''výst'' || ''výt'' || ''vitem'' || ''viteþ'' || ''viten'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''vite'' || ''vites'' || ''vite'' || ''vitem'' || '' | | ''vite'' || ''vites'' || ''vite'' || ''vitem'' || ''viteþ'' || ''viten'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''vistie'' || ''vistiest'' || ''vistie'' || ''vistiem'' || '' | | ''vistie'' || ''vistiest'' || ''vistie'' || ''vistiem'' || ''vistieþ'' || ''vistien'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''vistie'' || ''vistiest'' || ''vistie'' || ''vistiem'' || '' | | ''vistie'' || ''vistiest'' || ''vistie'' || ''vistiem'' || ''vistieþ'' || ''vistien'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''výt!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''výt!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''viteþ!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''kan'' || ''kanst'' || ''kan'' || ''kunem'' || '' | | ''kan'' || ''kanst'' || ''kan'' || ''kunem'' || ''kunþ'' || ''kunen'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''kune'' || ''kunes'' || ''kune'' || ''kunem'' || '' | | ''kune'' || ''kunes'' || ''kune'' || ''kunem'' || ''kuneþ'' || ''kunen'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''kundie'' || ''kundiest'' || ''kundie'' || ''kundiem'' || '' | | ''kundie'' || ''kundiest'' || ''kundie'' || ''kundiem'' || ''kundieþ'' || ''kundien'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''kundie'' || ''kundiest'' || ''kundie'' || ''kundiem'' || '' | | ''kundie'' || ''kundiest'' || ''kundie'' || ''kundiem'' || ''kundieþ'' || ''kundien'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Similarly ''skulen'' 'should', '' | Similarly ''skulen'' 'should', ''þurfen'' 'have to'. | ||
=====''máten'' 'may'===== | =====''máten'' 'may'===== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''mát'' || ''mást'' || ''mát'' || ''mátem'' || '' | | ''mát'' || ''mást'' || ''mát'' || ''mátem'' || ''máteþ'' || ''máten'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''máte'' || ''mátes'' || ''mát'' || ''mátem'' || '' | | ''máte'' || ''mátes'' || ''mát'' || ''mátem'' || ''máteþ'' || ''máten'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''mástie'' || ''mástiest'' || ''mástie'' || ''mástiem'' || '' | | ''mástie'' || ''mástiest'' || ''mástie'' || ''mástiem'' || ''mástieþ'' || ''mástien'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''mástie'' || ''mástiest'' || ''mástie'' || ''mástiem'' || '' | | ''mástie'' || ''mástiest'' || ''mástie'' || ''mástiem'' || ''mástieþ'' || ''mástien'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''ví'' || ''vír'' || ''ví'' || ''vím'' || '' | | ''ví'' || ''vír'' || ''ví'' || ''vím'' || ''víþ'' || ''vín'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''ví'' || ''vís'' || ''vím'' || ''vím'' || '' | | ''ví'' || ''vís'' || ''vím'' || ''vím'' || ''víþ'' || ''vín'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''em'' || ''ir'' || ''isь'' || ''bióm'' || '' | | ''em'' || ''ir'' || ''isь'' || ''bióm'' || ''bióþ'' || ''bión'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''sí'' || ''sís'' || ''sí'' || ''sím'' || '' | | ''sí'' || ''sís'' || ''sí'' || ''sím'' || ''síþ'' || ''sín'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''viérie'' || ''viériest'' || ''viérie'' || ''viériem'' || '' | | ''viérie'' || ''viériest'' || ''viérie'' || ''viériem'' || ''viérieþ'' || ''viérien'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''bió!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''bió!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''bióþ!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''dá'' || ''dár'' || ''dáþь'' || ''dám'' || '' | | ''dá'' || ''dár'' || ''dáþь'' || ''dám'' || ''dáþ'' || ''dán'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''dá'' || ''dás'' || ''dá'' || ''dám'' || '' | | ''dá'' || ''dás'' || ''dá'' || ''dám'' || ''dáþ'' || ''dán'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''dié'' || ''diést'' || ''dié'' || ''diém'' || '' | | ''dié'' || ''diést'' || ''dié'' || ''diém'' || ''diéþ'' || ''dién'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''dié'' || ''diést'' || ''dié'' || ''diém'' || '' | | ''dié'' || ''diést'' || ''dié'' || ''diém'' || ''diéþ'' || ''dién'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''dá!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''dá!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''dáþ!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! present indicative | ! present indicative | ||
| ''gá'' || ''gár'' || ''gáþь'' || ''gám'' || '' | | ''gá'' || ''gár'' || ''gáþь'' || ''gám'' || ''gáþ'' || ''gán'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! present subjunctive | ! present subjunctive | ||
| ''gá'' || ''gás'' || ''gá'' || ''gám'' || '' | | ''gá'' || ''gás'' || ''gá'' || ''gám'' || ''gáþ'' || ''gán'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past indicative | ! past indicative | ||
| ''dżang'' || ''dżangst'' || ''dżang'' || ''dżangem'' || '' | | ''dżang'' || ''dżangst'' || ''dżang'' || ''dżangem'' || ''dżangþ'' || ''dżangen'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! past subjunctive | ! past subjunctive | ||
| ''dżendże'' || ''dżendżest'' || ''dżendże'' || ''dżendżem'' || '' | | ''dżendże'' || ''dżendżest'' || ''dżendże'' || ''dżendżem'' || ''dżendżeþ'' || ''dżendżen'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! imperative | ! imperative | ||
| ''-'' || ''gá!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || '' | | ''-'' || ''gá!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''gáþ!'' || ''-'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="7"| | !colspan="7"| | ||