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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Scots Norse
|name=Scots Norse
|nativename={{lang|snon|Agharsc}}
|nativename=Agharsc
|pronunciation=ˈəːɾsk
|pronunciation=ˈəːɾsk
|ethnicity=Norse Scots
|ethnicity=Norse Scots
Line 20: Line 20:
|created=April 3rd, 2026
|created=April 3rd, 2026
|setting=
|setting=
|stand1={{l|snon|Agharsc h'u Zorcha}}
|stand1=Agharsc h'u Zorcha
|dia1=[[Eastern Scots Norse|Eastern]]
|dia1=[[Eastern Scots Norse|Eastern]]
|dia2=[[Western Scots Norse|Western]]
|dia2=[[Western Scots Norse|Western]]
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}}
}}


Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{l|snon|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphophonology|morphophonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].
Scots Norse ([[w:Autonym|Autonym]]: {{term|Agharsc}} /ˈəːɾsk/) is a West Nordic language spoken in the Hebrides most closely related to [[w:Norn|Norn]], less so to [[w:Icelandic|Icelandic]] and [[w:Faroese|Faroese]], and quite distantly to [[w:Swedish|Swedish]], [[w:Norwegian|Norwegian]], and [[w:Danish|Danish]]. It has extremely significant influence from mainly [[w:Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] and [[w:Irish|Irish]] [[w:Goidelic languages|Gaelic]], and less so from the [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] languages [[w:Scots language|Scots]] [[w:English language|English]]. The Gaelic influence is most noticeable in the [[w:Morphophonology|morphophonology]] of Scots Norse, both with the [[w:palatalization (linguistics)|slender]]/[[w:velarization|broad]] distinction in [[w:consonants|consonants]] and the presence of [[w:consonant mutation|initial consonant mutation]].


Scots Norse has roughly eleven [[w:dialect|dialects]] that form the language's two [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuums]], these are called [[Western Scots Norse|Veastèghsc]] ("Western") and [[Eastern Scots Norse|Èstèghsc]] ("Eastern") Scots Norse respectively, these are further divided into specific dialects, which can be viewed within the articles themselves. All [[w:variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Scots Norse are written using the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]], employing [[w:Gaelic Type|Gaelic Type]] or [[w:Insular Script|Insular]] as the [[w:script|hand]], this acts as a notable exception to the general notion that Gaelic Type and Insular only survive for ornamental or historical usages, as they are still the primary hand used for Scots Norse.
Scots Norse has roughly eleven [[w:dialect|dialects]] that form the language's two [[w:dialect continuum|dialect continuums]], these are called ''Veastèghsc'' ("Western") and ''Èstèghsc'' ("Eastern") Scots Norse respectively, these are further divided into specific dialects, which can be viewed within the articles themselves. All [[w:variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Scots Norse are written using the [[w:Latin script|Latin script]], employing [[w:Gaelic Type|Gaelic Type]] or [[w:Insular Script|Insular]] as the [[w:script|hand]], this acts as a notable exception to the general notion that Gaelic Type and Insular only survive for ornamental or historical usages, as they are still the primary hand used for Scots Norse.


Uniting all of these dialects is the [[w:standard language|standard variety]], called ''Agharsc h'u Zorcha'', literally "Sorcha's Scots Norse". This form of the language is the most conservative of them all, being largely based on the 18th century description of Western Scots Norse by Sorcha of Uist. At times, the standard form has had certain shifts undone, such as the /ɛ/-/ɪ/ merger typical of Western dialects.
Uniting all of these dialects is the [[w:standard language|standard variety]], called ''Agharsc h'u Zorcha'', literally "Sorcha's Scots Norse". This form of the language is the most conservative of them all, being largely based on the 18th century description of Western Scots Norse by Sorcha of Uist. At times, the standard form has had certain shifts undone, such as the /ɛ/-/ɪ/ merger typical of Western dialects.
Line 48: Line 48:
Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to [[w:Scotland|Scotland]] with the [[w:Treaty of Perth|Treaty of Perth]]. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of Gaelic and English speakers (At this point still [[w:Middle Irish|Middle Irish]] and [[w:Middle English|Middle English]]), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots.
Scots Norse originates in the mid to late 13th century, around the time Suðreyjar was handed over to [[w:Scotland|Scotland]] with the [[w:Treaty of Perth|Treaty of Perth]]. Though the language would continue to be largely unchanged from the Old Norse of the 12th century, 1266AD is often used as a dividing date between Old Norse and the earliest forms of Scots Norse. While 1266 is a relatively arbitrary date, it serves its purpose as a convenient divide between two stages, as following the Treaty of Perth, the Hebrides would gain a much larger population of Gaelic and English speakers (At this point still [[w:Middle Irish|Middle Irish]] and [[w:Middle English|Middle English]]), and from roughly 1450AD onward, Scots Norse would be increasingly influenced by Scots Gaelic and, to a lesser extent, Scots.


Having been spoken throughout all of Suðreyjar, Scots Norse once had a dialect within the [[w:Isle of Man|Isle of Man]] (Scots Norse {{lang|snon|{{term|Monaègharr}}}}). Little is known about Manx Scots Norse ({{lang|snon|{{term|Monaèsc}}}}), as it is very poorly recorded, the most extensive description being a short document from around 1500AD that contains a list of about 150 words (see ''[[the Noreine speche fra Man]]''), with a very poor description of the pronunciations. Though from this description we can gather that it still had the original [[w:dental fricative|dental fricatives]] that had been lost in other dialects (merging with t/d), we get this from the description "... these [th and dh] are like that of the Saxons' beloved þ."
Having been spoken throughout all of Suðreyjar, Scots Norse once had a dialect within the [[w:Isle of Man|Isle of Man]] ({{term|Monaègharr}}). Little is known about Manx Scots Norse ({{term|Monèsc}}), as it is very poorly recorded, the most extensive description being a short document from around 1500AD that contains a list of about 150 words (see ''[[the Noreine speche fra Man]]''), with a very poor description of the pronunciations. Though from this description we can gather that it still had the original [[w:dental fricative|dental fricatives]] that had been lost in other dialects (merging with t/d), we get this from the description "... these [th and dh] are like that of the Saxons' beloved þ."


Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occurred in the 18th century when several of the last native speakers (having had no more than 150 remaining speakers) were gathered together by [[Sorcha of Uist]] in order to compile two main documents, [[An Etymological Dictionary of Scotland's Norse|a dictionary]] and [[A Description of Scotland's Norse|a grammar]]. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young.
Following the treaty of Perth, the usage of Norse began declining significantly, with evidence it was nearly extinct by 1550. A small revitalization occurred in the 18th century when several of the last native speakers (having had no more than 150 remaining speakers) were gathered together by [[Sorcha of Uist]] in order to compile two main documents, [[An Etymological Dictionary of Scotland's Norse|a dictionary]] and [[A Description of Scotland's Norse|a grammar]]. This effort was mostly effective, leading to the first noticeable rise in speaker count since it began declining. By the 1880's, there would be upwards of 1,500 native speakers, a majority of them young.
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:eclipsis
:eclipsis


The following gives each form of {{l|snon|tàl}}:
The following gives each form of {{term|tàl}}:
:''{{lang|snon|tàlir}}'' /ˈtɑ.ʎəɾʲ/ — "I speak"
:''tàlir'' /ˈtɑ.ʎəɾʲ/ — "I speak"
:''{{lang|snon|dàlir}}'' /ˈdɑ.ʎəɾʲ/ — "he speaks"
:''dàlir'' /ˈdɑ.ʎəɾʲ/ — "he speaks"
:''{{lang|snon|thàlir}}'' /ˈxɑ.ʎəɾʲ/ — "we (emphatic) speak"
:''thàlir'' /ˈxɑ.ʎəɾʲ/ — "we (emphatic) speak"


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
Line 182: Line 182:
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /b/
| /b/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /bˠ/
| /bˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /bʲ/
| /bʲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-  
|-  
| rowspan=5 | '''bh'''
| rowspan=5 | '''bh'''
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| intervocalically
| intervocalically
| /./
| /./
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| elsewhere
| null
| null
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | otherwise
| rowspan=3 | otherwise
| plain
| plain
| /v/
| /v/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| broad
| broad
| /v/
| /v/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| slender
| slender
| /vʲ/
| /vʲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''c'''
| rowspan=2 | '''c'''
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| /k/
| /k/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /c/
| /c/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''ch'''
| rowspan=2 | '''ch'''
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| /x/
| /x/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ç/
| /ç/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''chd'''
| colspan=3 | '''chd'''
| /xk/
| /xk/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''cn'''
| colspan=3 | '''cn'''
| /kɾ/
| /kɾ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| '''chi'''
| '''chi'''
| colspan=2 | before a vowel
| colspan=2 | before a vowel
| /ç/
| /ç/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''chn'''
| colspan=3 | '''chn'''
| /xɾ/
| /xɾ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''d'''
| rowspan=3 | '''d'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /d/
| /d/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /dˠ/
| /dˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /dʲ/
| /dʲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=6 | '''dh'''
| rowspan=6 | '''dh'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /ð/
| /ð/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | broad
| rowspan=2 | broad
| normally
| normally
| /ɣ/
| /ɣ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| intervocalically
| intervocalically
| /./
| /./
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | slender
| rowspan=3 | slender
| normally
| normally
| /ʝ~j/
| /ʝ~j/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| intervocalically before /ə, ɪ, i/
| intervocalically before /ə, ɪ, i/
| /./
| /./
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| elsewhere before /ə, ɪ, i/
| elsewhere before /ə, ɪ, i/
| null
| null
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''g'''
| rowspan=2 | '''g'''
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| /g/
| /g/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ɟ/
| /ɟ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | '''gh'''
| rowspan=2 | '''gh'''
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| colspan=2 | plain/broad
| /ɣ/
| /ɣ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʝ/
| /ʝ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''gn'''
| colspan=3 | '''gn'''
| /ɡɾ/
| /ɡɾ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''h'''
| rowspan=3 | '''h'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /h/
| /h/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /x/
| /x/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ç/
| /ç/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''l'''
| rowspan=4 | '''l'''
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| non-finally
| non-finally
| /l/
| /l/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| finally
| finally
| /ʃ/
| /ʃ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /lˠ/
| /lˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʎ/
| /ʎ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''ll'''
| rowspan=3 | '''ll'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /l/
| /l/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /lˠ/
| /lˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʎ/
| /ʎ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-  
|-  
| rowspan=3 | '''m'''
| rowspan=3 | '''m'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /m/
| /m/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /mˠ/
| /mˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /mʲ/
| /mʲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-  
|-  
| rowspan=3 | '''mh'''
| rowspan=3 | '''mh'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /m̥/
| /m̥/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /m̥ˠ/
| /m̥ˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /m̥ʲ/
| /m̥ʲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-  
|-  
| rowspan=4 | '''n'''
| rowspan=4 | '''n'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /n/
| /n/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /nˠ~ŋ/
| /nˠ~ŋ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ɲ/
| /ɲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | post-vocalic when final/pre-fricative
| colspan=2 | post-vocalic when final/pre-fricative
| /Ṽ/
| /Ṽ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''nh'''
| rowspan=3 | '''nh'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /n̥/
| /n̥/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /n̥ˠ~ŋ̊/
| /n̥ˠ~ŋ̊/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ɲ̊/
| /ɲ̊/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''nn'''
| rowspan=3 | '''nn'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /n/
| /n/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /nˠ/
| /nˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ɲ/
| /ɲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''p'''
| rowspan=4 | '''p'''
Line 429: Line 429:
| initially, before a vowel/finally
| initially, before a vowel/finally
| /pʰ/
| /pʰ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| elsewhere
| /p/
| /p/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /pˠ/
| /pˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /pʲ/
| /pʲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-  
|-  
| rowspan=3 | '''ph'''
| rowspan=3 | '''ph'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /f/
| /f/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /fˠ/
| /fˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /fʲ/
| /fʲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''r'''
| rowspan=4 | '''r'''
| colspan=2 | finally
| colspan=2 | finally
| /θ͇/
| /θ͇/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /r/
| /r/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /rˠ/
| /rˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /rʲ/
| /rʲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''rr'''
| rowspan=4 | '''rr'''
| colspan=2 | finally
| colspan=2 | finally
| /r/
| /r/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /r/
| /r/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /rˠ/
| /rˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /rʲ/
| /rʲ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=3 | '''-rt''', '''-rd'''
| colspan=3 | '''-rt''', '''-rd'''
| /ɾʃt̪/
| /ɾʃt̪/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''s'''
| rowspan=3 | '''s'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /s/
| /s/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /sˠ/
| /sˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʃ/
| /ʃ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-  
|-  
| rowspan=3 | '''sh'''
| rowspan=3 | '''sh'''
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /h/
| /h/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /x/
| /x/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ç/
| /ç/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=5 | '''t'''
| rowspan=5 | '''t'''
Line 524: Line 524:
| initially/finally
| initially/finally
| /tʰ/
| /tʰ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| elsewhere
| /t/
| /t/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /tˠ/
| /tˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | slender
| rowspan=2 | slender
| initially/finally
| initially/finally
| /t͡ʃʰ/
| /t͡ʃʰ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| elsewhere
| elsewhere
| /t͡ʃ/
| /t͡ʃ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''th'''
| rowspan=4 | '''th'''
| colspan=2 | intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally
| colspan=2 | intervocalic/pre-consonantal/finally
| /./ or null
| /./ or null
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /h/
| /h/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /x/
| /x/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ç/
| /ç/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| rowspan=3 | z
| rowspan=3 | z
| colspan=2 | plain
| colspan=2 | plain
| /z/
| /z/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | broad
| colspan=2 | broad
| /zˠ/
| /zˠ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | slender
| colspan=2 | slender
| /ʒ/
| /ʒ/
| {{l|snon|}} //
| {{term|}} //
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 580: Line 580:
{{snon-pronouns}}
{{snon-pronouns}}
===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Nouns have been reduced down to a basic singular/plural distinction, with the gender distinction effectively lost, only being maintained by the pronouns used for the words. Nouns have also dropped their definite forms in favor of an independent article, {{l|snon|hi}}.
Nouns have been reduced down to a basic singular/plural distinction, with the gender distinction effectively lost, only being maintained by the pronouns used for the words. Nouns have also dropped their definite forms in favor of an independent article, {{term|hi}}.


Plurals of native words are almost always formed with -ar, though remnants of umlaut also exist. Nouns from Gàidhlig most often instead use {{l|snon|-an}}.
Plurals of native words are almost always formed with {{term|-ar}}, though remnants of umlaut also exist. Nouns from Gàidhlig most often instead use {{term|-an}}.




With the general loss of gender, the suffix {{l|snon|-al}} developed. Originally a feminine diminutive, it was analogized to the masculine and became an agent suffix, then a general suffix for forming feminine nouns. In the plural, it appears as {{l|snon|-lar}}.
With the general loss of gender, the suffix {{term|-al}} developed. Originally a feminine diminutive, it was analogized to the masculine and became an agent suffix, then a general suffix for forming feminine nouns. In the plural, it appears as {{term|-lar}}.


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives, like nouns, have been heavily reduced, down to the positive, comparative, and superlative forms. The comparative and superlative are formed with {{l|snon|-ir}} and {{l|snon|-ist}} respectively.
Adjectives, like nouns, have been heavily reduced, down to the positive, comparative, and superlative forms. The comparative and superlative are formed with {{term|-ir}} and {{term|-ist}} respectively.


===Numerals===
===Numerals===
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
!1
!1
|{{lang|snon|{{term|èn}}}}
|{{term|èn}}
|-
|-
!2
!2
|{{lang|snon|{{term|tfèrr}}}}
|{{term|tfèrr}}
|-
|-
!3
!3
|{{lang|snon|{{term|trìrr}}}}
|{{term|trìrr}}
|-
|-
!4
!4
|{{lang|snon|{{term|fiòrarr}}}}
|{{term|fiòrarr}}
|-
|-
!5
!5
|{{lang|snon|{{term|fi}}}}
|{{term|fi}}
|-
|-
!6
!6
|{{lang|snon|{{term|sac}}}}
|{{term|sac}}
|-
|-
!7
!7
|{{lang|snon|{{term|siò}}}}
|{{term|siò}}
|-
|-
!8
!8
|{{lang|snon|{{term|àet}}}}
|{{term|àet}}
|-
|-
!9
!9
|{{lang|snon|{{term|naì}}}}
|{{term|naì}}
|-
|-
!10
!10
|{{lang|snon|{{term|taì}}}}
|{{term|taì}}
|-
|-
!11
!11
|{{lang|snon|{{term|aliov}}}}
|{{term|aliov}}
|-
|-
!12
!12
|{{lang|snon|{{term|tòlv}}}}
|{{term|tòlv}}
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 635: Line 635:
A large amount of speakers simply don't use inflected prepositions.
A large amount of speakers simply don't use inflected prepositions.


{{snon-infl-prep|i|3=io|n=y}}
{{snon-infl-prep|i|n=y}}




{{snon-infl-prep|til|3=tiol}}
{{snon-infl-prep|til}}


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The oppositive happened in the mediopassive, with the subjunctive becoming the future and stative, while the indicative was lost.
Many significant changes have happened to the verb system since Old Norse, notably both the mood and voice distinctions have been lost. The active indicative has descended into the present and past tense, while the active subjunctive was lost entirely. The oppositive happened in the mediopassive, with the subjunctive becoming the future and stative, while the indicative was lost.


The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs, acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like {{l|snon|}} ("to fight"), {{l|snon|slà}} ("to hit"), {{l|snon|}} ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as {{l|snon|elsc}} ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by {{l|snon|hinnar}}
The original mediopassive indicative only remains in a small set of verbs, acting as a reciprocal, typically physical actions taken towards others, like {{term|}} ("to fight"), {{term|slà}} ("to hit"), {{term|}} ("to embrace"), as well as a few abstract verbs, such as {{term|elsc}} ("to love"). Otherwise it's been replaced by {{term|hinnar}}


Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.
Verbs have reduced to such a limited number of forms that analogy and sound changes have leveled them all down to essentially one pattern (excluding a few irregular verbs), which seemingly descends from Old Norse's weak class 2 pattern.
Line 654: Line 654:


====Suppletive verbs====
====Suppletive verbs====
There are very few known suppletive verbs in Scots Norse, the main one being the copula ''{{lang|snon|vèr}}'', and even it has been leveled by many speakers.
There are very few known suppletive verbs in Scots Norse, the main one being the copula ''vèr'', and even it has been leveled by many speakers.
{{snon-conj-vèr}}
{{snon-conj-vèr}}
"er" and "var" are the more prevalent forms, but the regularized forms "vèrir" and "vèradhir" are also rather common.
"er" and "var" are the more prevalent forms, but the regularized forms "vèrir" and "vèradhir" are also rather common.
Line 709: Line 709:
====The stative====
====The stative====
Scots Norse has several things fulfilling the function of "to be". In the descriptive role (eg. "I am happy") the stative of a verb is used (eg. "sèladhist").
Scots Norse has several things fulfilling the function of "to be". In the descriptive role (eg. "I am happy") the stative of a verb is used (eg. "sèladhist").
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(1)
{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(4)
| tiòemhadhist hi ger
| tiòemhadhist hi ger
| empty.STAT the box
| empty.STAT the box
Line 725: Line 725:
Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.
Allir menn eru bornir frjálsir ok jafnir at virðingu ok réttum. Þeir eru allir viti gœddir ok samvizku, ok skulu gøra hvárr til annars bróðurliga.
====Scots Norse====
====Scots Norse====
{{lang|snon|arr manarr al bhori mhriàl h-o hiavn, vèrann vhirrdhing o rhèt h-atharr. vèrann gaèdhadh h-o shanvisc h-atharr, o shcùl ghèor hanna thil bròdhligh.}} </br>
arr manarr al bhori mhriàl h-o hiavn, vèrann vhirrdhing o rhèt h-atharr. vèrann gaèdhadh h-o shanvisc h-atharr, o shcùl ghèor hanna thil bròdhligh.
arr manarr al bhori mhriàl h-o hiavn, vèrann vhirrdhing o rhèt h-atharr. vèrann gaèdhadh h-o shanvisc h-atharr, o shcùl ghèor hanna thil bròdhligh.


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