Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

Line 706:

==="To be"===

====~~The stative~~====

====Existential ''bì''====

~~Scots Norse has several things fulfilling~~ the ~~function~~ of "~~to be~~"~~. In the descriptive role~~ (~~eg.~~ "~~I am happy~~") the ~~stative~~ of a verb ~~is used (~~eg. "~~sèladhist~~").

Likely under the influence of Irish, the verb "bìodh" (Old Norse "bíða") shifted to an existential copula, expressing existence, location, and condition, rather than an impersonal one, while an odd development, the extreme influence of the Gaelic languages does well explain it, in this sense it's most often spelt "bì", with the various endings being appended with an apostrophe, as in "bì'ir" or "bì'adhist", in these forms it is often pronounced /bj-/, thus /bjəjʃt/ for "bì'adhist".

====Copulative ''vèr''====

The verb {{l|snon|vèr}} acts as the so-called "equative 'to be'", eg. the verb "to be" as used to mean "X = Y", as in:

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(4)

| ~~tiòemhadhist~~ hi ~~ger~~

|er mic sèl

| ~~empty~~.~~STAT the box~~

|COP.PRES 1sg happy

| ~~The box~~ is ~~empty~~

|I am happy

}}

"vèr" in the present tense can often be dropped when paired with an emphatic pronoun (eg. pronoun + {{l|snon|-si}}), compare '''''er mic hi dèter.''''' vs. '''''micsi hi dèter.''''', both meaning "I am the teacher."

When saying "this/that is", "tèsh" and "ta" are used, with the verb dropped in the present tense.

(5a) ''tèsh mic u dèter'' "This (is) my teacher"

(5b) ''ta hi dèter'' "That's the teacher"

"in them" can also be used with an adjective to intensify it.

''''

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(6)

|er ha zèl h'igha

|COP.PRES 3sg.M happy {in him}

|He is happy

}}

{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(7)

|er ho brìa h'igha

|COP.PRES 3sg.F beautiful {in her}

|She is beautiful

}}

~~====Existential ''bì''====~~

Likely under the influence of Irish, the verb "bìodh" (Old Norse "bíða") shifted to an existential copula, rather than an impersonal one, while an odd development, the extreme influence of the Gaelic languages does well explain it, in this sense it's most often spelt "bì", with the various endings being appended with an apostrophe, as in "bì'ir" or "bì'adhist", in these forms it is often pronounced /bj-/, thus /bjəjʃt/ for "bì'adhist".

==Texts==

@@ Line 706: / Line 706: @@
 ==="To be"===
-====The stative====
+====Existential ''bì''====
-Scots Norse has several things fulfilling the function of "to be". In the descriptive role (eg. "I am happy") the stative of a verb is used (eg. "sèladhist").
+Likely under the influence of Irish, the verb "bìodh" (Old Norse "bíða") shifted to an existential copula, expressing existence, location, and condition, rather than an impersonal one, while an odd development, the extreme influence of the Gaelic languages does well explain it, in this sense it's most often spelt "bì", with the various endings being appended with an apostrophe, as in "bì'ir" or "bì'adhist", in these forms it is often pronounced /bj-/, thus /bjəjʃt/ for "bì'adhist".
+====Copulative ''vèr''====
+The verb {{l|snon|vèr}} acts as the so-called "equative 'to be'", eg. the verb "to be" as used to mean "X = Y", as in:
 {{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(4)
-| tiòemhadhist hi ger
+|er mic sèl
-| empty.STAT the box
+|COP.PRES 1sg happy
-| The box is empty
+|I am happy
+}}
+"vèr" in the present tense can often be dropped when paired with an emphatic pronoun (eg. pronoun + {{l|snon|-si}}), compare '''''er mic hi dèter.''''' vs. '''''micsi hi dèter.''''', both meaning "I am the teacher."
+When saying "this/that is", "tèsh" and "ta" are used, with the verb dropped in the present tense.
+(5a) ''tèsh mic u dèter'' "This (is) my teacher"
+(5b) ''ta hi dèter'' "That's the teacher"
+"in them" can also be used with an adjective to intensify it.
+''''
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(6)
+|er ha zèl h'igha
+|COP.PRES 3sg.M happy {in him}
+|He is happy
+}}
+{{interlinear|lang=snon|number=(7)
+|er ho brìa h'igha
+|COP.PRES 3sg.F beautiful {in her}
+|She is beautiful
 }}
-====Existential ''bì''====
-Likely under the influence of Irish, the verb "bìodh" (Old Norse "bíða") shifted to an existential copula, rather than an impersonal one, while an odd development, the extreme influence of the Gaelic languages does well explain it, in this sense it's most often spelt "bì", with the various endings being appended with an apostrophe, as in "bì'ir" or "bì'adhist", in these forms it is often pronounced /bj-/, thus /bjəjʃt/ for "bì'adhist".
 ==Texts==