Scots Norse: Difference between revisions

Line 154:

|}

~~# Every~~ vowel can ~~appear nasalized~~.

===Prosody===

Stress has shifted significantly since Old Norse, instead being placed on the first long vowel in a word, if none exist, then it's placed on the first short vowel.

Loan words typically keep their original stress, with vowels being made "long" as necessary to keep the stress patterning functional, such as in {{l|snon|bambù}} /bəm.ˈbu/ and {{l|snon|halò}} /xə.ˈɫo/.

==Mutation==

Scots Norse has developed a system of mutation incredibly similar to that of Irish. These mutations are no longer productive, and have thus been grammaticalized to a point where mutations can be the only distinction between a pair of words, eg. ''è bhèodh'' ("to not comfort") vs. ''è mèodh'' ("one bed"). Thus the mutations are incredibly important to understanding the relationship between words, as well as being important to distinguishing meaning.

Like the Goidelic languages which have influenced Scots Norse, there are two mutations: [[w:lenition|lenition]] (Scots Norse: {{l|snon|miùechin}} /ˈmʲu.çəɲ/) and [[w:eclipsis|eclipsis]] ({{l|snon|sfarthin}} /ˈsɸəɾ.çəɲ/). Originally these were a series of sandhi effects: lenition being caused by a consonant being intervocalic (or following /r, l/, as in "sfarth", older "sfarta"), and eclipsis caused by a consonant following a nasal (as in "lan", older "land"). Lenition also affects vowel initial words in the form of h-prothesis, though occasional a "lenited" vowel-initial word will take {{l|snon|dh'}}, which is borrowed from Gàidhlig.

===Lenition===

Lenition as an initial mutation originally stems from the historic allophonic lenition of an intervocalic consonant, both word internally and across word boundaries, i.e if a word ended in a vowel and the next word began with a consonant + a vowel, the consonant lenited. The vowels which originally caused lenition have almost entirely been lost, with the exception of adverbial {{l|snon|-a}}, though the lenition remains as a grammaticalized feature.

~~===Prosody===~~

Lenition also occurred following /l, r/, and occasionally nasals, though nasal lenition only occured when the consonants differed in place, eg. /mg/. Nasal lenition would often lead to the consonant becoming a stop again as eclipsis took over, thus that /mg/ would do /mg/ > /mɣ/ > /nɣ/ > /g/. Lenition would also occur from /CN/ and /CC/, again when differing in place, hence the development of "Agðir" to "Aghar" through /gð/ > /gd/ > /ɣð/ > /ɣ/, as well as the development of "Ǫgmundr" to "Anghun", though notice here how the "gm" does not become "g", instead becoming "ngh", thigh is through /gm/ > /ɣn/ > /ŋ/ > /ɣ/, as this /CN/ lenition took place prior to primary lenition.

~~The rules for stress are very slightly more complex than they were~~ in ~~Old Norse~~, ~~but not by much~~.

~~:Stress always goes on~~ the ~~left-most syllable possible~~. ~~When there are vowels with a grave~~, ~~stress goes~~ to the ~~first one~~, ~~skipping over all vowels without one~~. (~~so ''sudhraèir'' is stressed on "aèi"~~)

Lenition turned voiced stops and nasals into fricatives, /s/ debuccalized to /h/, /f/ was elided, and /r/ may have been split between fortis and lenis, though this distinction is preserved nowhere. Lenited /t, d/ (/θ, ð/) have since merged with /x, ɣ/.

~~===Mutation===~~

Word-internal lenition is common, but isn't grammaticalized, unlike word-final lenition which has been grammaticalized through certain inflected forms (eg. {{l|snon|Gud}}, but ''Guedh'' in the dative).

~~Since Old Norse~~, ~~initial [[w:consonant mutation|consonant mutation]] has developed. Scots Norse~~ has ~~three~~ forms:

~~:radical~~ (~~basic~~)

~~:lenition~~

~~:eclipsis~~

~~The following gives each form~~ of ~~{{l|snon|tàl}}:~~

===Eclipsis===

:''~~tàlir~~'' ~~/ˈtɑ~~.~~ʎəɾʲ/~~

Eclipsis arises from a historic cluster of /NC/, including across word boundaries. These clusters would eventually coalesce, with the nasal largely being lost. Eclipsis turned voiced stops into nasals, voiceless stops and voiced fricatives into voiced stops, and voiceless fricatives into voiced. With the loss of the original nasal, eclipsis was grammaticalized, as in ''hi'', coming from older ''hinn''. Eclipsis also affects vowel-initial words, in a very similar way to h-prothesis, as in ''almh'' > ''n'almh''.

:''~~dàlir~~'' ~~/ˈdɑ.ʎəɾʲ/~~

:''~~thàlir~~'' ~~/ˈxɑ~~.~~ʎəɾʲ/~~

==Orthography==

@@ Line 154: / Line 154: @@
 |}
-# Every vowel can appear nasalized.
+===Prosody===
+Stress has shifted significantly since Old Norse, instead being placed on the first long vowel in a word, if none exist, then it's placed on the first short vowel.
+Loan words typically keep their original stress, with vowels being made "long" as necessary to keep the stress patterning functional, such as in {{l|snon|bambù}} /bəm.ˈbu/ and {{l|snon|halò}} /xə.ˈɫo/.
+==Mutation==
+Scots Norse has developed a system of mutation incredibly similar to that of Irish. These mutations are no longer productive, and have thus been grammaticalized to a point where mutations can be the only distinction between a pair of words, eg. ''è bhèodh'' ("to not comfort") vs. ''è mèodh'' ("one bed"). Thus the mutations are incredibly important to understanding the relationship between words, as well as being important to distinguishing meaning.
+Like the Goidelic languages which have influenced Scots Norse, there are two mutations: [[w:lenition|lenition]] (Scots Norse: {{l|snon|miùechin}} /ˈmʲu.çəɲ/) and [[w:eclipsis|eclipsis]] ({{l|snon|sfarthin}} /ˈsɸəɾ.çəɲ/). Originally these were a series of sandhi effects: lenition being caused by a consonant being intervocalic (or following /r, l/, as in "sfarth", older "sfarta"), and eclipsis caused by a consonant following a nasal (as in "lan", older "land"). Lenition also affects vowel initial words in the form of h-prothesis, though occasional a "lenited" vowel-initial word will take {{l|snon|dh'}}, which is borrowed from Gàidhlig.
+===Lenition===
+Lenition as an initial mutation originally stems from the historic allophonic lenition of an intervocalic consonant, both word internally and across word boundaries, i.e if a word ended in a vowel and the next word began with a consonant + a vowel, the consonant lenited. The vowels which originally caused lenition have almost entirely been lost, with the exception of adverbial {{l|snon|-a}}, though the lenition remains as a grammaticalized feature.
-===Prosody===
+Lenition also occurred following /l, r/, and occasionally nasals, though nasal lenition only occured when the consonants differed in place, eg. /mg/. Nasal lenition would often lead to the consonant becoming a stop again as eclipsis took over, thus that /mg/ would do /mg/ > /mɣ/ > /nɣ/ > /g/. Lenition would also occur from /CN/ and /CC/, again when differing in place, hence the development of "Agðir" to "Aghar" through /gð/ > /gd/ > /ɣð/ > /ɣ/, as well as the development of "Ǫgmundr" to "Anghun", though notice here how the "gm" does not become "g", instead becoming "ngh", thigh is through /gm/ > /ɣn/ > /ŋ/ > /ɣ/, as this /CN/ lenition took place prior to primary lenition.
-The rules for stress are very slightly more complex than they were in Old Norse, but not by much.
-:Stress always goes on the left-most syllable possible. When there are vowels with a grave, stress goes to the first one, skipping over all vowels without one. (so ''sudhraèir'' is stressed on "aèi")
+Lenition turned voiced stops and nasals into fricatives, /s/ debuccalized to /h/, /f/ was elided, and /r/ may have been split between fortis and lenis, though this distinction is preserved nowhere. Lenited /t, d/ (/θ, ð/) have since merged with /x, ɣ/.
-===Mutation===
+Word-internal lenition is common, but isn't grammaticalized, unlike word-final lenition which has been grammaticalized through certain inflected forms (eg. {{l|snon|Gud}}, but ''Guedh'' in the dative).
-Since Old Norse, initial [[w:consonant mutation|consonant mutation]] has developed. Scots Norse has three forms:
-:radical (basic)
-:lenition
-:eclipsis
-The following gives each form of {{l|snon|tàl}}:
+===Eclipsis===
-:''tàlir'' /ˈtɑ.ʎəɾʲ/
+Eclipsis arises from a historic cluster of /NC/, including across word boundaries. These clusters would eventually coalesce, with the nasal largely being lost. Eclipsis turned voiced stops into nasals, voiceless stops and voiced fricatives into voiced stops, and voiceless fricatives into voiced. With the loss of the original nasal, eclipsis was grammaticalized, as in ''hi'', coming from older ''hinn''. Eclipsis also affects vowel-initial words, in a very similar way to h-prothesis, as in ''almh'' > ''n'almh''.
-:''dàlir'' /ˈdɑ.ʎəɾʲ/
-:''thàlir'' /ˈxɑ.ʎəɾʲ/
 ==Orthography==