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</poem>
</poem>


====Table of phonemes and their corresponding graphemes====
====Spelling rules====
Long vowels are spelled with doubled graphemes (<Aa, aa> /a:/, etc).
 
Some graphemes, namely <E, e> /ə/ ; <E, ç/ë> /e/ ; <E, ù/ĕ> /œ/ ; <E, ÿ/ê> /ɛ/ and <Ä, ä> /ɑ̃/ ; <Ä, à/ă> /ɔ̃/ ; <Ä, é/â> /ɛ̃/ ; <Ä, è/ä /œ̃/> use the same capital letter, but different minuscule letters, for different phonemes. This is partly due to limitations on a French keyboard, and partly to reflect the original Tolsian script in which these phonemes use the same letter but with different diacritics.
 
The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.
 
There are many digraphs and even trigraphs ; usually, all letters are capitalized, when capitalization is needed.
=====Digraphs with <Î, î>=====
In the original documentation, these are described as "purified" (''épurés'').
<poem>
ÎF, îf /ɸ/
ÎV, îv /β/
ÎQ, îq /ɧ̙ʷ/
ÎÖ, îö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/
ÎÑ, îñ /ŋ/
ÎX, îx /x/
ÎH, îh unknown, possibly /ɣ/
</poem>
It is unclear if the following are considered to be "purified" :
<poem>
<Äî, äî> /an/
<Äî, àî> /on/ or /ɔn/
<Äî, éî> /in/ or /im/
<Äî, èî> /un/ or /œm/
</poem>
=====Trigraphs with <Î, î>=====
These were also considered to be "purified".
<poem>
LÎÖ, lîö /ɧ̙ʷ̬/
ÎÑg, îñg /ᵑg/
</poem>
=====Digraphs with <Û, û>=====
Some of these digraphs were originally described as "wet" (''mouillés'') :
<poem>
TÛ, tû /t̚/
QÛ, qû /ʃʲ/ (probably realized [ç] or [ɕ])
DÛ, dû /d̚/
</poem>
Others were not considered to be "wet" :
<poem>
LÛ, lû /r/
HÛ, hû possibly /ɬ/ or /ɮ/
ĦÛ, ħû /ɾ/
RÛ, rû /ɹ/ 
=====Trigraphs with <Û, û>=====
There is only one such trigraph, and only the first letter is capitalized, if needed. It is possibly meant to appear only word-initially as it was only given as <Tûhh> :
Tûhh /θ/
=====Digraphs with <Ħ, ħ>=====
These can also be written as trigraphs, swapping <Ħ, ħ> for <Hh, hh>. As digraphs, one may likewise capitalize both letters or only the first one. As trigraphs, Only the first letter is capitalized.
Ħ, ħ can be found on its own but is soundless. It may be used as part of the following digraphs, or used to maintain a hiatus between vowels and <I, i> or <O, o>. It can also be written <Hh, hh>.
PĦ/Pħ, pħ /f/ (or <Phh, phh>)
TĦ/Tħ, tħ /s/ (or <Thh, thh>
JĦ/Jħ, jħ /ʒ/ (or <Jhh, jhh>)
BĦ/Bħ, bħ /v/ (or <Bhh, bhh>)
DĦ/Dħ, dħ /z/ (or <Dhh, dhh>)
SĦ/Sħ, sħ /z/ (or <Shh, shh>)
=====Digraphs and trigraph with <Ë, ë>=====
The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :
Ëa, ëa [bɾa]
Ëç, ëç [bɾe]
Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]
Ëu, ëu [bɾy]
Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]
Ëï, ëï [bɾi]
Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]
Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]
Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]
Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]
Ëou, ëou [bɾu]
</poem>
=====Some more consonantal digraphs=====
RX, rx /ʀ/
QJ/Qj, qj /ʒ/
=====Vocalic digraphs=====
<poem>
<Oi, oi> [i]
<EU/Eu, eu> [ø]
<OU/Ou, ou> [u]
<EA, ea> [ɛ]
(But <Ea, ea> [əa])
<OE/Oe, oe> [ø]
<EÔ/Eô, eô> [œ]
</poem>
=====Nasal vowels=====
Some digraphs and trigraphs denote nasal vowels, with <N, n> and <M, m> :
<poem>
<An, an> /ɑ̃/
<Am, am> /ɑ̃/
<En, en> /ɑ̃/
<Em, em> /ɑ̃/
<In, in> /ɛ̃/
<Im, im> /ɛ̃/
<Ein, ein> /ɛ̃/
<Eim, eim> /ɛ̃/
<On, on> /ɔ̃/
<Om, om> /ɔ̃/
<Un, un> /œ̃/
<Um, um> /œ̃/
</poem>
However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized but pronounced as V+[n or m] instead (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc). Besides, vocalic graphemes other than <A, a>, <E, e>, <I, i>, <O, o>, <U, u> do not get nasalized when followed by an <N, n> or <M, m>.
=====Diphtongues=====
They have been described as diphtongues, but should rather be analyzed as combinations of vowels and approximants. There are three different approximants : /j/, /w/ and /ɥ/, which only appear in a limited number of cases.
*Diphtongues /j/ + vowel :
They are usually written with a <I, i> followed by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <I, i> stands for /j/ :
<poem>
<Ia, ia> [ja]
<Ie, ie> [jə]
<Iç, iç> [je]
<Iù, iù> [jœ]
<Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]
<Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]
<Iu, iu> [jy]
<Iô, iô> [jo]
<Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]
<Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]
<Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]
<Iè, iè> [jœ̃]
<Ii, ii> [ji]
<Iou, iou> [ju]
<Ieu, ieu> [jø]
</poem>
However, there are a few exceptions :
<poem>
ÜÃ, üã [ja]
ÜÕ, üõ [jo]
</poem>
*Diphtongues vowel + /j/ :
They are usually written with a <Ü, ü> preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :
<poem>
<AÜ, aü> [aj]
<EÜ, eü> [əj]
<EÜ, çü> [ej]
<EÜ, ùü> [œj]
<EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]
<OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]
<UÜ, uü> [yj]
<ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]
<ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]
<ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]
<ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]
<ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]
<ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]
<ÕÜ, õü> [oj]
<EUÜ, euü> [øj]
</poem>
There are also a few exceptions :
<poem>
EÎ, eî [əj]
EÎ, çî [ej]
EÎ, ùî [œj]
EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]
IÎ, iî [ij]
</poem>
*Diphtongues with /w/ :
These are usually written with a <O, o>, either followed or preceded by a vowel. There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :
<poem>
<Oa, oa> [wa]
<Oe, oe> [wə]
<Oç, oç> [we]
<Où, où> [wœ]
<Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]
<Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]
<Oy, oy> [wy]
<Oô, oô> [wo]
<Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]
<Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]
<Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]
<Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)
<Oi, oi> [wi]
<Oeu, oeu> [wø]
And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).
</poem>
There are however a few exceptions :
<poem>
<Io, io> is ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/
<Oi, oi> is ambiguous and can denote either /i/ or /wi/
<Oe, oe> is ambiguous and can denote either /wə/ or /ø/
<OU/Ou, ou> always denotes /u/ (/wy/ is denoted <Oy, oy> instead).
</poem>
*Diphtongues with /ɥ/ :
<poem>
UÎ, uî [ɥi]
Ui, ui [ɥi]
Ua, ua [ɥa]
Uç, uç [ɥe]
Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]
</poem>
=====Triphtongues=====
They should also be analyzed as combinations of approximant + vowel + approximant. Besides using <I, i> and <O, o> or even <Ü, ü> and <U, u>, there is a handful of special spellings that denote such "triphtongues" :
<poem>
ÜÂ, üâ [jaj]
ÜY, üy [jɔj]
ÊÜ, êü [jaj]
YÜ, yü [joj] or [jɔj]
ÃÎ, ãî [aji]
ÕÎ, õî [oji]
</poem>
=====Word-final position induced changes=====
The original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turn into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used.
<poem>
<g> /j/
<l> /j/
<w> /j/
<gue> /g/
<lle> /l/
<wi> /wi/
</poem>
There are some other special spellings :
<poem>
<ebm> /ɛjm/
<ebn> /ɛjn/
</poem>
Finally, some letters are simply not pronounced at the end of a word, and other spellings are used instead :
<poem>
<e>
<ô>
<d>
<nowiki><q></nowiki>
<nowiki><s></nowiki>
<t>
<z>
<er>
<dde> /d/
<qe> /ʃ/
<sse> /θ/ (or possibly /s/ ?)
<tte> /t/
<ze> /z/
</poem>
 
====Table of phonemes and their principal corresponding graphemes====


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
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|colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû>
|colspan="2"| ɹ <RÛ, rû>
|colspan="2"|  
|colspan="2"|  
|colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel)<sup>(1)</sup> ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)<sup>(2)</sup>
|colspan="2"| j <I, i> (before a vowel), <Ü, ü> (after a vowel) ; ɥ <U, u> (before some vowels)
|colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)<sup>(3)</sup>
|colspan="2"| w <O, o> (before or after a vowel)
|colspan="2"|  
|colspan="2"|  
|colspan="2"|  
|colspan="2"|  
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|colspan="2"|  
|colspan="2"|  
|colspan="2"|  
|colspan="2"|  
|colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû><sup>(4)</sup>
|colspan="2"| ɾ <ĦÛ, ħû>  
|colspan="2"|  
|colspan="2"|  
|colspan="2"|  
|colspan="2"|  
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|}
|}


'''Notes on consonants :'''
<poem>
'''(1)''' There are a few exceptions, where <ü> appears in front of a vowel, or <î> is used after a vowel :
ÜÃ, üã [ja]
ÜÕ, üõ [jo]
EÎ, eî [əj]
EÎ, çî [ej]
EÎ, ùî [œj]
EÎ, ÿî [ɛj]
IÎ, iî [ij]
There is a list of accepted spelling where <I, i> stands for /j/ :
<Ia, ia> [ja]
<Ie, ie> [jə]
<Iç, iç> [je]
<Iù, iù> [jœ]
<Iÿ, iÿ> [jɛ]
<Io, io> [jo] or [jɔ]
<Iu, iu> [jy]
<Iô, iô> [jo]
<Iä, iä> [jɑ̃]
<Ià, ià> [jɔ̃]
<Ié, ié> [jɛ̃]
<Iè, iè> [jœ̃]
<Ii, ii> [ji]
<Iou, iou> [ju]
<Ieu, ieu> [jø]
And a list of accepted spellings where <Ü, ü> stands for /j/ (minus the exceptions above) :
<AÜ, aü> [aj]
<EÜ, eü> [əj]
<EÜ, çü> [ej]
<EÜ, ùü> [œj]
<EÜ, ÿü> [ɛj]
<OÜ, oü> [oj] or [ɔj]
<UÜ, uü> [yj]
<ÔÜ, ôü> [oj]
<ÄÜ, äü> [aɑ̃j]
<ÄÜ, àü> [ɔ̃j]
<ÄÜ, éü> [ɛ̃j]
<ÄÜ, èü> [œ̃j]
<ÃÜ, ãü> [aj]
<ÕÜ, õü> [oj]
<EUÜ, euü> [øj]
Some other exceptions are due to original consonants /g/ <G, g>, /l/ <L, l> and syllable /wi/ <W, w> turning into [j] when in a word-final position. Instead, the spellings <gue>, <lle> and <wi> are used to denote the sounds [g], [l] and [wi] at the end of a word.
'''(2)''' The phoneme /ɥ/ only appears in a handful of diphtongues :
UÎ, uî [ɥi]
Ui, ui [ɥi]
Ua, ua [ɥa]
Uç, uç [ɥe]
Uÿ, uÿ [ɥɛ]
'''(3)''' The grapheme <io> is thus ambiguous and can denote either /iw/ or /jo/. Similarly, <Oi, oi> denotes either /i/ or /wi/, and <Oe, oe>, which denotes either /wə/ or /ø/. Another exception is <OU/Ou, ou> which denotes /u/.
There is a list of accepted spellings where <O, o> stands for /w/ :
<Oa, oa> [wa]
<Oe, oe> [wə]
<Oç, oç> [we]
<Où, où> [wœ]
<Oÿ, oÿ> [wɛ]
<Oo, oo> [wo] or [wɔ]
<Oy, oy> [wy]
<Oô, oô> [wo]
<Oä, oä> [wɑ̃]
<Oà, oà> [wɔ̃]
<Oé, oé> [wɛ̃]
<Oè, oè> [wœ̃] (This one was described as [wœ̃] already in the original documentation (instead of expected [wæ̃] and has therefore cast some doubt on the identification of vowels /ø/, /œ/ and /œ̃/.)
<Oi, oi> [wi]
<Oeu, oeu> [wø]
And reciprocally (<Ao, ao> [aw]... etc).
'''(4)''' The phoneme /ɾ/ also appears as part of a syllable /bɾə/, written <Ë, ë>. When <Ë, ë> is followed by a vowel, the /ə/ is replaced by that vowel :
Ëa, ëa [bɾa]
Ëç, ëç [bɾe]
Ëÿ, ëÿ [bɾɛ]
Ëu, ëu [bɾy]
Ëo, ëo [bɾo] or [bɾɔ]
Ëï, ëï [bɾi]
Ëä, ëä [bɾɑ̃]
Ëà, ëà [bɾɔ̃]
Ëé, ëé [bɾɛ̃]
Ëè, ëè [bɾœ̃]
Ëou, ëou [bɾu]
</poem>


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
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!colspan="2"|Close
!colspan="2"|Close
|colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u>
|colspan="2"|i <I, i> alt. <Oi, oi> ; y <U, u>
|colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï><sup>(1)</sup>
|colspan="2"|ɨ <Î, î> alt. <Ï, ï>
|colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou>
|colspan="2"|u <OU/Ou, ou>
|-
|-
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|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Open-mid
!colspan="2"|Open-mid
|colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â><sup>(2)</sup> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä><sup>(2)</sup>
|colspan="2"|ɛ <E, ÿ/ê> alt. <EA, ea> ; œ <E, ù/ĕ> alt. <EÔ/Eô, eô> ; ɛ̃ <Ä, é/â> ; œ̃ <Ä, è/ä>
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă><sup>(2)</sup>
|colspan="2"|ɔ <O, o> ; ɔ̃ <Ä, à/ă>
|-
|-
!colspan="2"|Open
!colspan="2"|Open
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã>
|colspan="2"| ä <A, a> alt. <Ã, ã>
|colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä><sup>(2)</sup>
|colspan="2"| ɑ̃ <Ä, ä>
|}
|}
'''Notes on vowels :'''
<poem>
Long vowels are simply written with a double grapheme (<Aa, aa> /a:/,... etc).
'''(1)''' The grapheme <Î, î> denotes /ɨ/, except in front of some consonants (<F, f>, <V, v>, <Q, q>, <Ö, ö>, <Ñ, ñ>, <X, x>, <H, h>) ; the grapheme <Ï, ï> is used instead in order to denote /ɨ/.
'''(2)''' Nasal vowels can also be written with some vowels followed by a <N, n> or a <M, m> :
/ɑ̃/ <An, an> ; <Am, am> ; <En, en> ; <Em, em>
/ɛ̃/ <In, in> , <Im, im> ; <Ein, ein> ; <Eim, eim>
/ɔ̃/ <On, on> ; <Om, om>
/œ̃/ <Un, un> ; <Um, um>
However, if there are two <N, n> or <M, m> following a vowel, then it is not nasalized and pronounced as V+[n or m] (<Ann, ann> [an], <Amm, amm> [am],... etc).
</poem>
'''General notes :'''
<poem>
The grapheme <Ħ, ħ> can also be written <Hh, hh>.
There are a few more noteworthy spellings with unexpected pronunciations :
<Äî, äî> [an]
<Äî, àî> [on] or [ɔn]
<Äî, éî> [in] or [im]
<Äî, èî> [un] or [œm]
<ÜÂ, üâ> [jaj]
<ÜY, üy> [jɔj]
<ÊÜ, êü> [jaj]
<YÜ, yü> [joj] or [jɔj]
<ÃÎ, ãî> [aji]
<ÕÎ, õî> [oji]
Word-final spellings :
Besides the final <g>, <l> and <wi> that become [j], there are also final <ebm> and <ebn> that are pronounced [ɛjm] and [ɛjn], respectively.
Moreover, final <e>, <ô>, <d>, <nowiki><q></nowiki>, <nowiki><s></nowiki>, <t>, <z>, <er> are not pronounced. Instead, final spellings <dde>, <qe>, <sse>, <tte>, <ze> are pronounced [d], [ʃ], [θ] (or possibly [s] ?), [t], [z], respectively.
</poem>


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
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