Tigol/Proto-Tigol

Tigol/Proto-Tigol-English lexicon
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Tigol/Proto-Tigol
θensārimem
Pronunciation	[/θensaːrimem/]
Created by	IlL
Extinct	220 v.T.
Language family	Quihum Talmic Tigol/Proto-Tigol
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qth

Tigol/Proto-Tigol is the the ancestor of all living Talmic languages. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic and Latin, grammatically by Hebrew, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.

Todo

• PQ a > Thn. o (?)

Notes on notation

Glossary

• ~: cognate to

Background

See also: Tigol/Proto-Tigol/Sound changes from Proto-Quihum.

Phonology

Consonants

Tigol/Proto-Tigol used 22 consonants. Unusually for the family, it is devoid of affricates, ejectives, and lateral obstruents, possessing instead a preponderance of fricatives.

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Radical	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			n [ŋ]
Plosive	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/			c /k/	ȝ /ʡ/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /g/
Fricative	voiceless	f /f/	θ /θ/	s /s/		χ /x/	ħ /ħ~ʜ/	h /h~ɦ/
	voiced		δ /ð/	z /z/		γ /ɣ/	ȝ [ʕ~ʢ]
Trill				r /r/
Approximant		v /w~ʋ/	l /l/		j /j/

Notes

• Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are unaspirated.
• /r/ is a postalveolar trill [r̠] or tap [ɾ̠].
• /l/ is mildly velarized dental [l̪ˠ].

Conditioned allophony

Allophony in Tigol/Proto-Tigol is limited.

Phoneme	Allophone	Condition(s)
/n/	[ŋ]	_C[+velar, +plosive]
	[ɱ]	_C[+labiodental]
C[+obstruent, ±voiced]	C[+obstruent, ∓voiced]	_C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced]

Vowels

Classical Tigol/Proto-Tigol has a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic i/y which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae.

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /i/	ī /iː/	y /ÿ/	ȳ /ÿː/	u /u/	ū /uː/
Mid	e /e/	ē /eː/			o /o/	ō /oː/
Open			a /a/	ā /aː/

Diphthongs: ae au ui

Notes

• /ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].
• /e eː o oː/ are mid vowels.

Syllable structure and morphophonology

1st Consonant	Last Consonant
	m	n	p	t	k	b	d	g	s	š	tl	ts	tš	h	x	w	ǧ	y	l	r
m	mm	mb	mb	nd	ng	mb	nd	ng	ss	šš	ndr	ns	nš	mm	nǧ	mm	nǧ	ny	lm	ndr
n	nd	nn	mb	nd	ng	mb	nd	ng	ss	šš	ndr	ns	nš	nn	nǧ	mm	nǧ	nn	lm	ndr
p
t
k
b
d
g
s
š
tl
ts
tš
h
x
w
y
l
r

Phonological diachronics

Simple consonant correspondences

PTal	*m	*p	*b	*ɸ	*n	*t	*d	*s	*z	*r	*θ	*ł	*λ	*l	*j	*k	*g	*x	*kʷ	*gʷ	*xʷ	*w	*q	*χ	*ʁ	*ʔ	*h
Thm.	m	p	b	f	n	t	d	s	z, -r-	r	θ	θ	δ	l	j	c	g	χ	c	v	f	v	ʒ	ħ	γ	0-	h-

Consonant clusters

• tp, tb, tk, tg > rp, rb, rc, rg?

Vowel reflexes

Usually:

• *a > o
• *ə > e
• *i > i
• *u > u (or o if *a should > a)
• *ay > ȳ
• *əy > ae
• *uy > ū
• *iy, iʔ, ix > ī
• *aw > au
• *əw > iō
• *iw > iū
• *uw > ū
• *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca
• *Cxʷ > Co
• *Cx > Cy
• *əx, ix̌ > ē
  • or *ix̌ > iā/ia/ea?
• *ux̌, x̌u > ō for sure
• *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > au?
• *ix̌ʷ > iō?
• *ux̌ʷ > ō?
• *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > iā
• *iy(ə)x > iē

Orthography

Tigol/Proto-Tigol runic script.

The standardized Tigol/Proto-Tigol alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length.

The alphabetical order is as follows:

1. R:
2. D:
3. Z:
4. I:
5. Γ:
6. A:
7. Ħ:
8. F:
9. M:
10. L:
11. G:
12. C:
13. H:
14. B:
15. S:
16. V:
17. O:
18. J:
19. Ȝ:
20. Δ:
21. Y:
22. Χ:
23. T:
24. N:
25. Θ:
26. P:
27. E:
28. U:

Morphology

Verbs

The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of Tigol/Proto-Tigol grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:

1. switch-reference marker
2. applicative or derivational prefixes
3. object prefix
4. (prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
5. STEM
6. voice suffix
7. TAM + subject
8. emphatic suffix -is

Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic -is, which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.

TAM + subject markers

Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.

• Consonant stems: (-y-)
• Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?

Present

• 1sg -n(is)
• 2sg -r(is)
• 3sg.m -m(is)
• 3sg.f -si(s)
• 3sg.n -((i)s)?
• 1ex -mā(s)
• 1in -nte(s)
• 2pl -sce(s)
• 3pl -ti(s)

Imperfect

Reduplication + present suffixes

Preterite

• 1sg: -nno(s)
• 2sg: -rȳ(s)
• 3sg.m: -smi(s)
• 3pl.f: -ssi(s)?
• 3sg.n: -so(s)?
• 1ex: -mer(is)
• 1in: -ter(is)
• 3pl: -scer(is)
• 3pl: -ster(is)

Future

• 1sg -tēn(is)
• 2sg -tēr(is)
• 3sg.m -tēm(is)
• 3sg.f -tēsi(s)
• 3sg.n -tē(s)?
• 1ex -tēmaeχ(is)
• 1in -tēnt(is)
• 2pl -tēsce(s)
• 3pl -tēti(s)

Subjunctive

• 1sg: -nae(s)
• 2sg: -rae(s)
• 3sg.m: -mior(is)
• 3sg.f: -sior(is)
• 3sg.n: -ior(is)
• 1ex: -mae(s)
• 1in: -ntae(s)
• 2pl: -scae(s)
• 3pl: -tior(is)

Optative

• 1sg -von(is)?
• 2sg -vor(is)
• 3sg.m -vom(is)
• 3sg.f -vosi(s)
• 3sg.n -vo((i)s)
• 1ex -vomaeχ(is)
• 1in -vunt(is)
• 2pl -vosce(s)
• 3pl -voti(s)

Imperative

• 2sg: -e(s)/-(is)
• 1pl.in: -ntē(s)
• 2pl: -scē(s)

Syntax

Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).