User:Frrurtu/Sandbox: Difference between revisions
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | | ! | | ||
! |Labial | ! |Labial | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nasal | ! Nasal | ||
| | | '''m''' /m/<br>'''hm''' /m̥/ | ||
| | | '''n''' /n/<br>'''hn''' /n̥/ | ||
| | | '''ny''' /ɲ/ | ||
| | | '''ng''' /ŋ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Plosive | ! Plosive | ||
| | | '''p''' /pʰ/<br>'''b''' /p/ | ||
| | | '''t''' /tʰ/<br>'''d''' /t/ | ||
| | | '''ty''' /cʰ/<br>'''j''' /c/ | ||
| | | '''k''' /kʰ/<br>'''k''' /k/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Fricative | ! Fricative | ||
| | | '''f''' /f/ | ||
| | | '''s''' /s/<br>'''sh''' /ʃ/ | ||
| | | '''sy''' /ç/ | ||
| | | '''kh''' /x/ | ||
| | | '''h''' /h/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Affricate | ! Affricate | ||
| | | | ||
| | | '''ts''' /t͡s/<br>'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Approximant | ! Approximant | ||
| | | '''w''' /w/<br>'''hw''' /ʍ/ | ||
| | | '''l''' /l/<br>'''hl''' /l̥~ɬ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|} | |} | ||
In addition, the following consonants are allowed in loanwords: | In addition, the following consonants are allowed in loanwords: '''hng''' /ŋ̊/, '''hny''' /ɲ̥/, '''y''' /j/, '''hh''' /ʔ/. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Revision as of 21:23, 12 February 2017
| Gaju | |
|---|---|
| Gaju | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|'gäɟu]] |
| Created by | – |
| Setting | Rttirria |
| Native to | Rtuha, Uya, eastern Tyami, eastern Manamuki |
Rttirrian
| |
Gaju (English: /'gɑːd͡ʒuː/, Gaju: ['gäɟu], Rttirri: [ˈkɑcu]) is a minority language in Rttirria, spoken by the Gaju people in the eastern part of the country. It is a member of the Rttirrian language family, descended from the Proto-South-Rttirrian langauge that is also the ancestor of modern Rttirri, the nation's official language.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ hm /m̥/ |
n /n/ hn /n̥/ |
ny /ɲ/ | ng /ŋ/ | |
| Plosive | p /pʰ/ b /p/ |
t /tʰ/ d /t/ |
ty /cʰ/ j /c/ |
k /kʰ/ k /k/ |
|
| Fricative | f /f/ | s /s/ sh /ʃ/ |
sy /ç/ | kh /x/ | h /h/ |
| Affricate | ts /t͡s/ ch /t͡ʃ/ |
||||
| Approximant | w /w/ hw /ʍ/ |
l /l/ hl /l̥~ɬ/ |
In addition, the following consonants are allowed in loanwords: hng /ŋ̊/, hny /ɲ̥/, y /j/, hh /ʔ/.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i /i/ | u /u/ | |
| Near-high | ii /ɪ/ | ||
| Mid | e /e/ | uu /ə/ | o /o/ |
| Near-low | ee /ɛ/ | aa /ɔ/ | |
| Low | a /ä/ |
Tones
Grammar
Gaju morphology is significantly more analytic than that of Rttirri.
Verbs
The following slots are allowed for affixes on the verb.
| Verb Slot | Allowable Inputs |
|---|---|
| Mood | fa- (polite imperative) nang- (subjunctive) kan- (conditional) khaa- (imperative) |
| Tense | -bu-/-bo-/-du-/-do-/-ju-/-jo- (past) -mi-/-me-/-ni-/-ne-/-nyi-/-nye- (future) |
| Verb Root | any verb |
| Auxiliary Verb | -(k)àng ("to be able to") -(à)kà ("to need to") -(d)èng ("to want to") -(g)ùng ("to force to") and others |
Nouns
Nouns can take the following cases:
| Case | Suffix |
|---|---|
| nominative | (none) |
| accusative | -(g)e (singular) -(d)i (plural) |
| dative | -(ty)â |
| ablative | -(d)a |
| locative | -(l)î |
| comitative | -(aa)daa |
| instrumental | -(w)ǎm |
| vocative | -(a)saa |
Pronouns
Independent particles
The following particles can be used to express aspect and politeness; the default is imperfective.
| Aspect | Particle |
|---|---|
| Perfective | nam |
| Polite perfective | nyem |
| Habitual | shu |
| Polite habitual | tya |
The following question words are used:
| English | Old Gaju |
|---|---|
| who/whom | ta |
| what | ti |
| when | dìn |
| where | dìtang |
| why | dìtà |
| how | dìtung |