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| 1-10: ''ën'', ''dwi'', ''trya'', ''tëttar'', ''pënta'', ''ësta'', ''ëpta'', ''ohta'', ''ënnya'', ''dëka'' | | 1-10: ''ën'', ''dwi'', ''trya'', ''tëttar'', ''pënta'', ''ësta'', ''ëpta'', ''ohta'', ''ënnya'', ''dëka'' |
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| 11-20: ''ëndyutru, dwidyutru, tridyutru, tëttardyutru, pëntadyutru, ëstadyutru, ... ikori'' (< hen deuterou, dyo deuterou, ... "one of the second [ten], two of the second [ten], ..." cf. Estonian üks·teist, kaks·teist, ...) | | 11-20: ëndyutrũ ... ikori'' (< hen deuterou, dyo deuterou, ... "one of the second [ten], two of the second [ten], ..." cf. Estonian üks·teist, kaks·teist, ...) |
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| 100: ''ëkaton'' | | 100: ''ëkaton'' |
Revision as of 16:03, 28 February 2017
Kwenya (Κοινη) is a Finnic-influenced Hellenic language.
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
- μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ/ (γκ γχ = /ŋk ŋkʰ/)
- π τ κ = /p t k/
- β δ = /b d/
- φ θ χ = /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
- σ γ = /s h/
- ζ = /z/
- ϝ ρ λ = /w ɾ l/
Vowels
α ε ι ο υ η ω αι ει ευ ια ιο οι ου = /a ə i o wi ja u e i ju ja jo we ɨ/ ⟨a ë i o wi ya u e i yu ya yo we ũ⟩
Prosody
Stress
Stress is always initial.
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
nom/acc/gen/voc + Finnic-style cases. No articles or gender due to Finnic influence.
Principal parts: nominative, accusative, genitive, vocative singular; nominative, accusative, genitive plural.
Direct objects of a negated verb are in the genitive.
γλωσσα 'tongue, language'
|
Singular |
Plural
|
Nominative
|
γλωσσα hlusa |
γλωσσαι hluse
|
Vocative
|
γλωσσα! hlusa! |
γλωσσαι! hluse!
|
Accusative
|
γλωσσαν hlusan |
γλωσσαρ hlusar
|
Genitive
|
γλωσσαρ hlusar |
γλωσσων hlusun
|
Illative
|
γλωσσανειρ hlusanir |
γλωσσαρειρ hlusarir
|
Inessive
|
γλωσσανδο hlusando |
γλωσσωνενδο hlusunëndo
|
Elative
|
γλωσσαξε hlusaksë |
γλωσσωνεξε hlusunëksë
|
Adessive
|
γλωσσαρειτ hlusarit |
γλωσσωνειτ hlusunit
|
Allative
|
γλωσσαβαι hlusabe |
γλωσσωμβαι hlusumbe
|
Ablative
|
γλωσσαμπο hlusampo |
γλωσσαπο hlusapo
|
Instrumental
|
γλωσσαδω hlusadu |
γλωσσωνδω hlusundu
|
Essive
|
γλωσσαπρε hlusaprë |
γλωσσωμπρε hlusumprë
|
Translative
|
γλωσσανειν hlusanin |
γλωσσαρειν hlusarin
|
Abessive
|
γλωσσαχω hlusakhu |
γλωσσωγχω hlusankhu
|
Comitative
|
γλωσσαμε hlusamë |
γλωσσωμμε hlusummë
|
|
οικορ 'house'
|
Singular |
Plural
|
Nominative
|
οικορ wekor |
οικοι wekwe
|
Vocative
|
οικε! wekë! |
οικοι! wekwe!
|
Accusative
|
οικον wekon |
οικουρ wekũr
|
Genitive
|
οικου wekũ |
οικων wekun
|
Illative
|
οικονειρ wekonir |
οικουρειρ wekũrir
|
Inessive
|
οικουνδο wekũndo |
οικωνενδο wekunëndo
|
Elative
|
οικουξε wekũksë |
οικωνεξε wekunëksë
|
Adessive
|
οικουρειτ wekũrit |
οικωνειτ wekunit
|
Allative
|
οικουβαι wekũbe |
οικωμβαι wekumbe
|
Ablative
|
οικομπο wekompo |
οικουπο wekũpo
|
Instrumental
|
οικουδω wekũdu |
οικωνδω wekundu
|
Essive
|
οικουπρε wekũprë |
οικωμπρε wekumprë
|
Translative
|
οικονειν wekonin |
οικουρειν wekũrin
|
Abessive
|
οικουχω wekũkhu |
οικωγχω wekunkhu
|
Comitative
|
οικουμε wekũmë |
οικωμμε wekummë
|
|
δωρον 'gift'
|
Singular |
Plural
|
Nominative
|
δωρον duron |
δωρα dura
|
Vocative
|
δωρον! duron! |
δωρα! dura!
|
Accusative
|
δωρον duron |
δωρα dura
|
Genitive
|
δωρου durũ |
δωρων durun
|
Illative
|
δωρονειρ duronir |
δωραρειρ durarir
|
Inessive
|
δωρουνδο |
δωρωνενδο
|
Elative
|
δωρουξε |
δωρωνεξε
|
Adessive
|
δωρουειτ |
δωρωνειτ
|
Allative
|
δωρουβαι |
δωρωμβαι
|
Ablative
|
δωρομπο |
δωραπο
|
Instrumental
|
δωρουδω |
δωρωνδω
|
Essive
|
δωρουπρε |
δωρωμπρε
|
Translative
|
δωρονειν |
δωραρειν
|
Abessive
|
δωρουχω |
δωρωγχω
|
Comitative
|
δωρουμε |
δωρωμμε
|
|
πολιρ 'city'
|
Singular |
Plural
|
Nominative
|
πολιρ |
πολερ
|
Vocative
|
πολι! |
πολερ!
|
Accusative
|
πολιν |
πολερ
|
Genitive
|
πολιωρ |
πολιων
|
Illative
|
πολινειρ |
πολερειρ
|
Inessive
|
πολιωνδο |
πολιωνενδο
|
Elative
|
πολιωξε |
πολιωνεξε
|
Adessive
|
πολιωρειτ |
πολιωνειτ
|
Allative
|
πολιωβαι |
πολιωμβαι
|
Ablative
|
πολιμπο |
πολεπο
|
Instrumental
|
πολιωδω |
πολιωνδω
|
Essive
|
πολιωπρε |
πολιωμπρε
|
Translative
|
πολινειν |
πολερειν
|
Abessive
|
πολιωχω |
πολιωγχω
|
Comitative
|
πολιωμε |
πολιωμμε
|
|
Adjectives
καλορ 'good' (1st/2nd decl.)
|
Singular |
Plural
|
Attributive
|
καλ(ο)- kal(o)-
|
Predicative (male)
|
καλορ kalor |
καλοι kalwe
|
Predicative (female)
|
καλη kalya |
καλαι kale
|
Predicative (inanimate)
|
καλον kalon |
καλα kala
|
|
ευγενηρ 'polite' (3nd decl.)
|
Singular |
Plural
|
Attributive
|
ευγεν(ο)- yuhën(o)-
|
Predicative (male)
|
ευγενηρ yuhënyar |
ευγενειρ yuhënir
|
Predicative (female)
|
ευγενηρ yuhënyar |
ευγενειρ yuhënir
|
Predicative (inanimate)
|
ευγενερ yuhënër |
ευγενη yuhënya
|
|
Verbs
Principal parts: present stem, past stem
φαγων 'eat' - present active
|
Singular |
Plural
|
male
|
φαγων phahun |
φαγοντερ phahontër
|
female
|
φαγουρα phahũra |
φαγουραι phahũre
|
inanimate
|
φαγον phahon |
φαγοντα phahonta
|
|
φαγων 'eat' - past active
|
Singular |
Plural
|
male
|
φαγαρ phahar |
φαγαντερ phahantër
|
female
|
φαγαρα phahara |
φαγαραι phahare
|
inanimate
|
φαγαν phahan |
φαγαντα phahanta
|
|
φαγων 'eat' - present passive
|
Singular |
Plural
|
male
|
φαγομενορ phahomënor |
φαγομενοι phahomënwe
|
female
|
φαγομενη phahomënya |
φαγομεναι phahomëne
|
inanimate
|
φαγομενον phahomënon |
φαγομενα phahomëna
|
|
φαγων 'eat' - past passive
|
Singular |
Plural
|
male
|
φαγαμενορ phahomënor |
φαγαμενοι phahomënwe
|
female
|
φαγαμενη phahomënya |
φαγαμεναι phahomëne
|
inanimate
|
φαγαμενον phahomënon |
φαγαμενα phahomëna
|
|
φαγων 'eat' - imperative
|
Singular |
Plural
|
active
|
φαγε! phahë! |
φαγετε! phahëtë!
|
passive
|
φαγου! phahũ |
φαγεστε! phahëstë!
|
Numbers
All numbers are indeclinable:
1-10: ën, dwi, trya, tëttar, pënta, ësta, ëpta, ohta, ënnya, dëka
11-20: ëndyutrũ ... ikori (< hen deuterou, dyo deuterou, ... "one of the second [ten], two of the second [ten], ..." cf. Estonian üks·teist, kaks·teist, ...)
100: ëkaton
1000: khilya
Syntax
Constituent order
Kwenya is completely head-final.
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Other resources