User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 106: Line 106:


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Verbs===
====Verb forms====
Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.
Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.


Line 168: Line 170:
| ''kibā'' – he drags to a halt
| ''kibā'' – he drags to a halt
| ''tijāṇa'' – he annoys
| ''tijāṇa'' – he annoys
|}
====Verb inflection====
The following verb prefixes are reconstructed:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="3" |
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
|-
!Past
| ''*mo-''
| ''*om-''
| ''*ap-''
| ''*am-''
| ''*bo-''
| ''*bom-''
|-
!Present
| ''*na-''
| ''*nam-''
| ''*af-''
| ''*sam-''
| ''*kha-''
| ''*khem-''
|-
!Future
| ''*ne-''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*ke-''
| ''*mīj-''
| ''*j-''
| ''*mēj-''
|}
===Nouns===
Most nouns were pluralized with ''*-m'' if they ended with a vowel, or ''*-mi'' if they ended with a consonant. A small class of nouns ending in ''*-ey/y'' (historically, a diminutive suffix) were pluralized instead with ''*-mizh''.
The following pronouns are reconstructed:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="3" |
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
|-
! Nominative<br>(emphatic)
| ''*nak''
| ''*naw''
| ''*āt''
| ''*sak''
| ''*âtū''
| ''*âk''
|-
! Accusative
| ''*ni''
| ''*me''
| ''*ki''
| ''*se''
| ''*yo''
| ''*goj''
|-
! Possessive<br>noun prefix
| ''*na-''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*ak-''
| ''*sa-''
| ''*â-''
| ''*e-''
|}
|}

Revision as of 00:20, 28 March 2017

Old Zoki is the reconstructed common ancestor of Zoki and a few closely related languages spoken in Myanmar. It is part of the North Rttirrian branch of the Rttirrian family of languages, and a direct descendant of Proto-North-Rttirrian.

Phonology

Consonants

Old Zoki possessed the following consonants:

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar
Nasal *m /m/ *ṇ /n̪/ *n /n/
Plosive *p /p/
*b /b/ 		*ṭ /t̪/
*ḍ /d̪/ 		*t /t/
*d /d/ 		*k /k/
*g /g/
Fricative *f /ɸ/
*v /β/ 		*s /s/
*z /z/ 		*sh /ʃ/
*zh /ʒ/ 		*kh /x/
Affricate *j /d͡ʒ/
Approximant *w /w/ *l /l/ *y /j/

Vowels

The following vowels were used:

Front Central Back
Short Long Short Long Short Long
High *i /i/ *ī /iː/ *u /u/ *ū /uː/
Mid-high *e /e/ *ē /eː/ *o /o/ *ō /oː/
Low-mid *â /ɔ/ *ấ /ɔː/
Low *a /ä/ *ā /äː/

Grammar

Verbs

Verb forms

Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.

Form I was used generally for loaned verbal concepts, mostly relating to skilled acts practiced by other local cultures and taught to the Zoki people. It is sometimes not considered a true verbal form, as it consisted of the single verb shikh ("to practice", cognate to Rttirri chiu "to do") followed by an auxiliary verb—the gerund is nufukh ("process", a truncation of rinufukh, cognate to Rttirri rrirneu). This auxiliary verb, unlike the verbal concepts of the other four verb forms, did not need to take any particular vowel pattern.

Forms Examples
Form Past Present Future Gerund Meaning Biliteral roots, e.g. k-b (to stop) Triliteral roots, e.g. t-j-ṇ (to bother)
I shikh ___ shikh ___ shikh ___ nufukh ___ to do something shikh pag – he imitates
(from Classical Chinese /*pʰaŋʔ/ 仿) 		shikh sanās – he spins silk
(from Classical Chinese /*snas/ 絮)
II _ō_(e_) _ē_(e_) _ē_(e_) _ē_(e_) to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly kēb – he stops suddenly tējeṇ – he goes crazy
III _ā_(a_) _ā_(a_) _ī_(i_) _ấ_(â_) to undergo a process weakly or gradually kāb – he slows to a halt tājaṇ – he hesitates
IV _i_ō(_e) _i_ē(_e) _i_ē(_e) _i_ē(_e) to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly kibē – he causes to stop suddenly tijēṇe – he completely disrupts
V _i_ā(_a) _i_ā(_a) _i_ī(_i) _i_ấ(_â) to act on someone/something weakly or gradually kibā – he drags to a halt tijāṇa – he annoys

Verb inflection

The following verb prefixes are reconstructed:

1st 2nd 3rd
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Past *mo- *om- *ap- *am- *bo- *bom-
Present *na- *nam- *af- *sam- *kha- *khem-
Future *ne- *mi- *ke- *mīj- *j- *mēj-

Nouns

Most nouns were pluralized with *-m if they ended with a vowel, or *-mi if they ended with a consonant. A small class of nouns ending in *-ey/y (historically, a diminutive suffix) were pluralized instead with *-mizh.

The following pronouns are reconstructed:

1st 2nd 3rd
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Nominative
(emphatic) 		*nak *naw *āt *sak *âtū *âk
Accusative *ni *me *ki *se *yo *goj
Possessive
noun prefix 		*na- *mi- *ak- *sa- *â- *e-
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2&oldid=69985"