User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51

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IlL/Spare pages 1/51
an Thíogall
Pronunciation	[[Help:IPA|ə ˈθiːɡ̊ɤᵝˤ]]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Hussmauch
Native speakers	125 million (fT 7E0dd)
Language family	Quihum Talmic Thensaric Tíogallic IlL/Spare pages 1/51
Language codes
ISO 639-3	qtg

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 (IlL/Spare pages 1/51: an Tíogall /ə ˈtiːɡəʟ/ or an ŋgáth dTíogall /ə ŋa:θ ˈdiːɡəʟ/ 'the IlL/Spare pages 1/51 language'; English: /ˈtiːgəl/ "teagle") is a Talmic language inspired by Irish and German. Tíogall is a pluricentric language with a high degree of dialect diversity (namely, it is an official language in three countries, the peninsular Duínidhe with more dialect diversity, the larger Neoibhir with less dialect diversity, and Verse:Phormatin in addition to Phormatolidin). With 125 million speakers it's the largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. IlL/Spare pages 1/51 began as a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". Like most modern Talmic languages, IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is a descendant of Thensarian. It is spoken on the west coast of the continent of Cuadhlabh on Hussmauch.

Todo

Singular constructs that don't end in -adh? (maybe only feminine constructs end in -adh *evrah intensifies*)

• zár (m) = cat (from Netagin)
• obhart (f) = trap (?)
• fáisithe (f) = (literary) working or effect of some (often supernatural) force; (mathematics) action, e.g. of a group
• Thermodynamics vocabulary:
  • hot: nua /ˈnuə/
  • cold: srabh /ˈsɾav/
  • temperature:
  • heat: nói /ˈnøː/ (f.)
  • thermodynamics: nóidúbha /ˈnøːˌdʉːvə/ (f.) [lit. heat-teaching]
  • energy: fáldoise /ˈfɑʟˌdœsə/ (f.) [lit. within-work]
  • entropy:
  • waste heat: laidhnói [ˈʁɛðˌnøː] (f.) [lit. away-heat]
• Translate Haggadah (as exercise)
• Affixes:
  • -te/-the/-ta/tha
• -án, -áin: derives adjectives

Notes

If a IlL/Spare pages 1/51 word is underlined, hover over it to view its (transliterated) spelling in the native orthography.

Symbols

• ⁱ - i-umlaut
• ^u - u-umlaut
• ^L - lenition/aspiration
• ^N - eclipsis
• ^B - b-prefixation

Orthography

Talmic script, used for writing IlL/Spare pages 1/51

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is written in the Talmic cursive script, which is written from left to right. The letters j /j/ and v /v/ are not used except in Netagin and other loanwords. The letter h is used for lenition as in Irish. So the IlL/Spare pages 1/51 alphabet is usually considered to have 20 letters (r d z i a f m g t h b s o ŋ p l n e u c) (digraphs and length diacritics are not counted).

The native orthography is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 pronunciation. The native spelling also uses ⟨ll, nn, ŋŋ, rr⟩.

Sound changes

Thensarian to Old Tíogall

Thn. sb, sd, sg > OBh dhbh, d, dhgh

Medial sm, sn, sȝ, sl, sr > m, nn, ŋŋ, ll, rr

Thn. a e i o u y ā ē ī ō ū ȳ ae ao ui ia iā iō iū > OBh a e i o u a á é í ó ú uí ae ao oí ea eá eó iú

In stressed syllables: a e i o u á é í ó ú ae ao eá eo iú oí uí >

• before a syllable with no e/ē/i/ī: a ea io o u á éa ío ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oío uío
• before a syllable with e/ē/i/ī: ai ei i oi ui ái éi í ói úi aei aoi eái eói iúi oí uí

Unstressed vowels reduce to a

Harmonization: a > e (when final) or i after i in the previous syllable

Sometimes:

• éa, ó, ói > ia, ua, uai

Old Tíogall to Modern Tíogall

• aspirated stops start to become fricatives: /mʰ pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ fʰ sʰ/ > /ʍ f v θ ð x ɣ h h/
• prenasalized stops coalesce
• /k g x ɣ/ > [c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ] allophonically before front vowels
• Vowel simplifications:
  • i(o) > /ɪ/; í(o) oí(o) uí(o) > /iː/
  • eá(i) eó(i) iú(i) merge into á(i) ó(i) ú(i), preventing further palatalization; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ become phonemic.
• Further monophthongization
  • ea > /ɛ/
  • ae ao > /eː oː/
  • ai ái ei éi oi ói ui úi aei aoi uai > /ɛ eː ɪ iː œ øː ʏ yː eː øː yə/
• Fricativization of aspirates complete; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ have become /tʃ dʒ ʃ j/
• a lot of z's from Netagin loans by this time; s eclipses to z and z lenites to /Ø/, by analogy
• unstressed vowels reduce to /ə/
• voiceless stops gain aspiration except after /s/
• /ʍ/ > /w/; /ɣ/ > /ː/ when not word-initial
• /oː uː/ front to /ɵː ʉː/ except before /l/
• /l/ > /ʀ~ʟ/; /r/ > /ɾ~l/
• Some dialects: /s/ > /ʃ/ before /p t k m n ŋ ʟ ɾ/

Phonology

étaoin (Standard) Tíogall is defined by a set of grammar rules, rather than by an accent (as long as it is intelligible to the majority of Tíogall speakers). Certain defined phonemes and phonetic processes can be observed within Standard Tíogall which in turn display diaphonemic variation based on the accent region.

The following describes Tíogall as spoken in Smeola, the capital of Duínidhe which is often called the "Duínidhe accent".

Stress

Primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions.

Consonants

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 25 consonants. The phonology is unusual for having two liquids that do not distinguish "rhoticity".

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 consonants

		Labial	Dental/Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		/m/	/n/		/ŋ/
Stop	fortis	/p/	/t/		/k/		(ʔ)
	lenis	/b/	/d/		/g/
Affricate	fortis		/ts/	/tʃ/
	lenis		/dz/	/dʒ/
Spirant	unvoiced	/f/	/θ/		/x/
	voiced	/v/	/ð/		/ɣ/
Sibilant	unvoiced		/s/	/ʃ/			/h/
	voiced		/z/
Liquid			/ɾ~ɺ~l/			/ʁ~ʟ/
Approximant		/w/		/j/

Notes

• An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).
• Smeola IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.
• /w/ is a labiovelar approximant [ɰʷ] with the vocalic quality of [u].
• /n, t, d, θ, ð/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪, θ, ð].
• /s, z/ are laminal alveolar [s, z].
• The coronal liquid has 3 allophones broadly:
  • After a consonant, it is a postalveolar [ɾ̞].
  • Word-initially or intervocalically, it is a postalveolar [ɾ], [l̠̆] or [l̆].
  • Before a consonant or word-finally, it is a prevelar approximant [j̠] or a postalveolar [l̠] with varying resonances (though never velarized) depending on speaker.
• /ŋ, k, g/ are usually velar [ŋ, k, g], but are often labialized pharyngealized uvular [qʷ, qʷˁ, ɢʷˁ] next to /ʀ~ʟ/. /kʀ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ].
• /ŋ, k, g, x, ɣ/ are prevelar before front vowels.
• The uvular liquid /ɢ̆~ʟ/:
  • The allophone occuring before vowels is a pharyngealized uvular flap [ɢ̆ᵝˤ] in careful speech which devoices to [χᵝˤ] after an aspirate or another fricative. In casual speech it tends to become an approximant [ʁᵝ] or velar [ɰᵝ].
  • The allophone occuring before consonants is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant with compressed rounding [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L. This allophone will be transcribed as /ʟ/ for convenience.
  • In classical singing and drama, [ɫ] is used in all positions.
• After a vowel, /ɣ/ disappears with compensatory lengthening of the vowel if the vowel is short. (Unless the /ɣ/ begins a stressed syllable.)

Fortis and lenis resonants

Certain accents and dialects preserve to varying degrees the Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 distinction between fortis and lenis resonants: /l L n N r R/. In fact, the Tumacaimh dialect has:

• /l/ > /ʁᵝˤ/
• /L/ > /l̪ˠ/
• /n/ > /ð̞̃/
• /N/ > /n/
• /r/ > /ɹ/
• /R/ > /ɾ/

Mutations

Consonant mutations

Grapheme	m	p	b	f	n	t	d	s*	z	r	ŋ	c	g	l	h	0
IPA	/m/	/p/	/b/	/f/	/n/	/t/	/d/	/s/	/z/	/ɺ~l/	/ŋ/	/k/, /tʃ/	/g/, /dʒ/	/ʟ/	/h/	/ʔ/
Lenited	mh	ph	bh	fh	-	th	dh	sh	zh	-	-	ch	gh	-	-	h-
IPA	/w/	/f/	/v/	/h/	-	/θ/	/ð/	/h/	silent	-	-	/x/, /ʃ/	/ɣ/, /j/	-	-	/h/
Eclipsed	-	bp	mb	bhf	-	dt	nd	zs	-	-	-	gc	ŋg	-	-	n-
IPA	-	/b/	/m/	/v/	-	/d/	/n/	/z/	-	-	-	/g/, /dʒ/	/ŋ/	-	-	/n/

^*The clusters written sp, st, sc do not mutate.

Vowels

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization.

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded		unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	short
Close	/ɪ/	/iː/	/ʏ/	/yː/		/ʉː/		/ʊ/
Mid	/ɛ/	/eː/	/œ/	/øː/	[ə]	/ɵː/	[ɤˁ]	/ɔ/
Open					/a/	/aː/

Diphthongs: /iə yə uə aw ɛj ɛw œj œw eːj eːw øːj øːw iəw yəw uəj/

The vowel [ə] occurs only in unstressed syllables.

A hiatus between a root vowel and a schwa is written h in this article's orthography (Note /h/ is not allowed word-medially).

L-colored vowels

L-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the back liquid /ʟ/ (phonetic values are as in Smeola Tíogall):

• /iː/, /iə/ + /ʟ/ > /iʟ/ [iɤˁ]
• /ɪ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɪʟ/ [ɪɤˁ]
• /yː/, /yə/ + /ʟ/ > /yʟ/ /yɤˁ/
• /ʏ/ + /ʟ/ > /ʏʟ/ [ʏɤˁ]
• /ʊ/, /ʉː/, /uə/ + /ʟ/ > /ʊʟ/ [ʊˁː~ʊɤˁ]
• /eː/ + /ʟ/ > /eʟ/ [eɤˁ]
• /ɛ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɛʟ/ [ɛɤˁ]
• /øː/ + /ʟ/ > /øʟ/ [øɤˁ]
• /œ/ + /ʟ/ > /œʟ/ [œɤˁ]
• /ɔ/, /ɵː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɔʟ/ [ɔˁː~ɔɤˁ]
• /ɐ/, /aː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɑʟ/ /ɒˁː~ɑɤˁ/

Accents that are lambdic may realize the /ʟ/ in one of several ways (pharyngealization, nasalization, [ɴ], [ʀ]). Non-lambdic accents are those in which vocalization of l after vowels is complete; the L-colored vowels display no secondary articulation.

Notes

Close vowels

• /iː/ is close front unrounded [iː] (listen).
• /iə/ is phonetically [iə] (listen).
• /iʟ/ is phonetically [iːɤˁ] (listen).
• /yː/ is usually close near-front rounded [y̠ː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
• /yə/ is phonetically [yə], [y̠ə] or [ʏə] (listen).
• /yʟ/ is phonetically [y̠ːɤˁ] (listen).
• /ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.
• /uə/ is phonetically [uə] or [ʊə] (listen). It is a monophthong [uː] for some speakers.
• /ʊʟ/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
  • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
• /ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] (listen).
• /ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
• /ʏʟ/ is phonetically [ʏɤˁ] (listen).
• /ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.

Mid vowels

• /eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː] (listen).
• /eʟ/ is phonetically [eːɤˁ] (listen).
• /øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [ø̠ː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
• /øʟ/ is phonetically [ø̠ːɤˁ] (listen).
• /ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.
• /ɔʟ/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
  • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [oɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
• /ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽] (listen).
• /ɛʟ/ is phonetically [ɛ̞ɤˁ] (listen).
• /œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
• /œʟ/ is phonetically [œɤˁ] or [ɞɤˁ] (listen).
• [ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] in pausa.
  • If a sonorant /m, n, ŋ, l/ follows in the syllable coda, the schwa often disappears so that the sonorant becomes syllabic.
• [ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
• /ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.

Open vowels

• /aː/ is central unrounded [äː] (listen).
• /a/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ] (listen).
• /ɑʟ/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɑɤˁ] or [äɤˁ] (listen).

Umlaut

Vowels in the first syllable of roots may undergo i-mutation or umlaut or under the addition of some affixes.

Phonotactics

Allowed initial clusters in roots:

• bl br cl cn cr dl dr fl fr gl gn gr ml mn mr ŋl ŋr (pl) (pr) sc scl scr (sp) st sl sm sn sŋ sr tn tl tr

Some phonological rules

• unstressed /əwə/ > -ú- /ʉː/
• /ʏw/, /yəw/, /yːw/ > /ʉː/

Dialectology

Tíogall is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation due to the number of speakers.

Smeola accent

Described in the "Phonology" section.

Scádar accent

This dialect is most prominent in and around the Óc Eo (/ɵːk ɵː/ 'white rock', English: /ˈoʊk.oʊ/ "oak-oh") metropolitan area in Neoibhir.

• l = [ʁ] after a consonant, [ɴ̆] initial/intervocalic
• /Vʟ/ = [Vɴ] before a consonant
• r = [l̆] before a vowel, [l] before a consonant or word-finally
• /θ, ð/ = [ts, dz] when not before a plosive
• No Auslautverhärtung at all (except -ig and -igh)
  • Word-final -ig and -igh pronounced as [-ɪç].
• /ɛ, œ, ɔ/ > [ɪ, ʏ, ʊ] before nasals
• /ɛj/ > [aj]

Cnólta accent

Spoken in the largely rural areas of Cnólta (/ˈknɔːˁtə/, English: /kəˈnɔːltə/ or /kəˈnoʊltə/) in southeastern Duínidhe. Stereotypically associated with backwardness and boorishness.

• l = [ʁ] after a consonant, [ɴ̆] initial/intervocalic
  • /Vʟ/ = [Ṽ~Vɰ̃]
• /tʃ, dʒ/ = [ts~tɕ, dz~dʑ]
• /eː, øː/ = [eə, øə]
• /eːj, øːj, ɛj, œj/ = [eː, øː, ɛː, œː]
• r is pronounced as a bunched [ɹ], which retracts preceding front vowels /ɪ, ɛ/ to /ɨ, ɜ/.
• /ʉː, ɵː, aw/ = [ʉu, ɵu, æu]
• /aː/ = [ɛa]
• /sp, st, sk, sm, sn, sŋ, sʟ, sɾ/ = [ʃp, ʃt, ʃk, ʃm, ʃn, ʃŋ, ʃʁ, ʃɹ]

Códha accent

Códha (/ˈkɵːðə/, English: /ˈkoʊðə/) is a Duínidhe accent. It is non-lambdic.

• l = [ʁ] after a consonant, just realized as a difference in vowel quality otherwise:
  • /iʟ, ɪʟ/ = [joː]
  • /yʟ, ʏʟ/ = [ɥoː~woː]
  • /ʊʟ/ = [uː]
  • /eʟ/ = [eːɔ]
  • /ɛʟ/ = [ɛɔ]
  • /øʟ/ = [øːɔ]
  • /œʟ/ = [œɔ]
  • /ɔʟ/ = [oː]
  • /aʟ/ = [ɒː]
• r = [l] in all positions
• (other features)

Tumaca accent

Spoken in the mountainous regions of Tumaca /tʊməkə/ in Duínidhe. (Influenced by "hyper-Old Tíogall")

• /b d dʒ g/ are devoiced to [p t c k] in all positions.
• /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ/ = [c, ɟ, ç]
• /n, ʟ, ɾ/ distinguish between "fortis" or unlenited [n̪, ɫ, r] and "lenis" or lenited [ð̞̃, ʀ, ɻ].
• th, dh are [ħ, z] word-initially and become [h, z] word-finally.
• /ʉ, ɵ/ are fully back [uː, oː].

Teacadh an bhFuŋŋ accent

non-lambdic, L-colored vowels similar to Códha

Éise accent

Éise (/ˈiːsə/) - Neoibhir

Vowel length is mainly realized as tenseness:

• /ɪ i ʏ y ʉ ʊ/
• /ɛ e œ ø ə ɵ ɔ/
• /ɐ a/
• /iə yə uə aw æj œj ej øj/
• /Vʟ/ = [Ṽ~Vɰ̃] (nasalization)

Phormatin accent

The majority accent of Tíogall native speakers in Phormatin is a lot like Éise, except most notably the short vowels /ɛ œ ɔ/ raise to /ɪ ʏ ʊ/ before nasals and /ʟ/. Lax vowels are also slightly laxer than in Éise; Éise speakers often hear Phormatian lax vowels as schwas.

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are classed into two genders, masculine (reist ŋullán /ˈɾɪst ˈŋʊʟaːn/) and feminine (reist dhéán /ˈɾɪst ˈðeːaːn/); they are also inflected in two numbers (singular and plural) and three states (indefinite, definite, construct). The construct is used as expected:

There are no possessive suffixes, unlike in Thensarian or other Talmic languages. If the possessor is a pronoun, the disjunctive form of the pronoun is used with the construct state: e.g. suaradh scaineadh dhá 'my friend's house'.

már 'tree' (masculine, declension 1a)

Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	már	máir
Definite	an már	na máir
Construct	máradh	máireann

scain 'friend' (masculine, declension 1b)

Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	scain	scaine
Definite	an scain	na scaine
Construct	scaineadh	scaineann

búta 'cave' (masculine, declension 1c)

Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	búta	bútaí
Definite	an búta	na bútaí
Construct	bútadh	bútaíonn

seart 'pole' (feminine, declension 3)

Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	seart	seartar
Definite	an z-seart	na seartar
Construct	seartadh	seartann

Adjectives

Declension

TODO adjective declensions

Degree

The comparative form of adjectives is formed with the suffix -ta/-te /-tə/ (becomes -tha/-the /θə/ after b, p, g, c). The comparandum is marked with the particle rá /ɾaː/ 'than'.

The superlative is formed with the suffix -as /-əs/.

Pronouns

Personal

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 personal pronouns

	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl.ex	1pl.in	2pl	3pl
Independent	ná	fiar	hú	hí	gámh	géid	séid	hár
Dependent	dhá	iar	ú	í	ámh	céir	héir	ár

To emphasize a pronoun or an inflected preposition, -na/-ne is added to the pronoun.

Other

• tá = what?
• tuabh = who?
• tach = where?
• tuí = why?

Prepositions

Prepositions are inflected, as in the ancestor Thensarian.

mo^L, m' comes from a word meaning "next to". It is also the direct object marker for definite persons (like Romanian pe).

The sequence le + an contracts to lean /ʟən/.

Inflection of prepositions

	1sg	2sg.m	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl.ex	1pl.in	2pl	3pl
chaoi 'before'	chaoin	chaois	chao	chaoi	chaoim	chaoid	chaoic	chaoir
de-L, d'- 'in, at'	dian	dias	diú	dí	diam	diad	diac	diar
dri-N 'on'	drion	dris	drú	drí	drim	drid	dric	drir
geil 'from'	geilin	geilis	gealu	geili	geilim	geilid	geilic	geilir
go-L 'with'	guan	góis	gú	gúi	guam	guad	guac	guar
le 'to'	lion	leis	leo	léi	liom	liod	lioc	lior
na 'with (instrumental)'	nain	nais	naoi	naí	naim	naid	naic	naer
ro (ergative)	rúinn	rúis	rú	rúi	rúm	rúd	rúc	rúr

Dli can be used to indicate obligation, as in Irish and Hebrew:

Dlien k:chéseredh a k:chésen.

[ˈdɾiən ˈçeːsəʀəθ ə ˈçeːsn̩]

on-1SG eat-VN-CONST MO DEF.SG.M food

I have to eat the food.

Verbs

Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish. Modern IlL/Spare pages 1/51 simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system. Due to their different origins - namely, synthetic forms come from Thensarian conjugated verbs while analytic forms come from Thensarian participles or verbal nouns - they often morphologically behave differently.

Addition of the b-prefix

Certain verb forms undergo the morphophonological process of b-prefixation, which stems from the Thensarian 3rd person singular object prefix bi-. The b-prefix is not added to analytic forms (since those come from participles), impersonal forms, or imperatives.

For unprefixed verbs, the b-prefix is added by lenition of the stem's initial consonant. If the result of lenition begins with a vowel, then b'- is added.

For prefixed verbs, the addition of the b-prefix works as follows:

• For prefixes ending in a resonant, the first consonant of the root undergoes eclipsis.
• For other prefixes, the mutation that would otherwise be induced by the prefix is blocked.

Present tense

The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes. For verb stems ending in -gh or -igh, the -gh or -igh is deleted: tnáigh hú < *tnáighigh hú 'he believes'.

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Present tense
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	BSTEM-(e)an	BSTEM-ú
1.in	-	STEM-(a)igh géid BSTEM-(e)ad (poetic)
2	BSTEM-(e)ar	STEM-(a)igh séid BSTEM-(e)as (poetic)
3.m	STEM-(a)igh hú STEM-(a)igh hí	STEM-(a)igh hár
Impersonal	STEM-(e)a1ra

Present tense of the verb molaigh 'thank'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	mholan	mholú
1.in	-	molaigh géid mholad (poetic)
2	mholar	molaigh séid mholas (poetic)
3.m	molaigh hú molaigh hí	molaigh hár
Impersonal	molara

Present tense of the verb idigh 'lie in a place'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	b'idean	b'idú
1.in	-	idigh éid b'idead (poetic)
2	b'idear	idigh zéid b'ideas (poetic)
3.m	idigh hú idigh hí	idigh hár
Impersonal	ideara

¹ The buffer -e- is added when the previous consonant is a coronal.

Imperfect tense

To form the imperfect tense, the particle gré is used before the verb, -e is added to the stem, and the verb undergoes eclipsis.

• gré more ná 'I used to thank'
• gré :ngide hí 'she used to lie'

Preterite tense

The preterite is considered archaic in Standard IlL/Spare pages 1/51. It may be found in remote or isolated dialects.

Perfect tense

The suffix ⁱ-ín is added to the stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker lu. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in étaoin IlL/Spare pages 1/51.

Késín ruk lýn.

I ate/have eaten a fruit.

Pluperfect tense

gró + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.

• gró mørín ná 'I had thanked'
• gró idín hí 'she had lain'

Future tense

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Future tense
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	STEM-tedh ná BSTEM-ten (poetic)	STEM-tú
1.in	-	STEM-tedh géd BSTEM-ted (poetic)
2	BSTEM-tel	STEM-tedh zéd BSTEM-tesk (poetic)
3.m	STEM-tedh ngú/hí	STEM-tedh hár
Impersonal	STEM-ert

Future tense of the verb moredh 'thank'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	mołtedh ná m:wołten (poetic)	m:wołtú
1.in	-	mołtedh éd m:wołted (poetic)
2	m:wołtel	mołtedh zéid m:wołtesk (poetic)
3.m	mołtedh ngú/hí	mołtedh hál
Impersonal	morelt

Future tense of the verb idedh 'lie in a place'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	idetedh ná b'ideten (poetic)	b'idetú
1.in	-	idetedh géid b'ideted (poetic)
2	b'idetel	idetedh zéid b'idetesk (poetic)
3.m	idetedh ngú idetedh hí	idetedh hál
Impersonal	idelt

The future marker t is lenited to th after c and p.

Future perfect tense

fácht + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.

Imperative

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Imperative
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	-	-
1.in	-	STEM-ed!
2	STEM!	STEM-esk!
3.m	-	-
Impersonal	-

Imperative of the verb moredh 'thank'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	-	-
1.in	-	molad!
2	mol!	molas!
3.m	-	-
Impersonal	-

Imperative of the verb idedh 'lie in a place'
	Singular	Plural
1.ex	-	-
1.in	-	idead!
2	id!	ideas!
3.m	-	-
Impersonal	-

Verbal noun

The verbal noun serves many important syntactic functions.

Some markers for verbal nouns:

• -ill
• -as/-is?
• -ach/-each
• -ta/-te
• ablaut
• bare stem
• umlaut/-e

Emphatic forms

To emphasize the subject the clitic -nna is added to:

• the verb if the verb is in a synthetic form;
• the subject if the verb is in an analytic form.

Numbers

• 1: ciamh /tʃiəw/
• 2: tioth /tiθ/
• 3: náidh /neːð/
• 4: daoibh /døːv/
• 5: soil /sœʟ/
• 6: stámh /staːw/
• 7: ruai /ɾyə/
• 8: lóidh /ʀøːð/
• 9: bairbh /bɛlv/
• 10: heor /hɵːl/
• 11: eáichimh /eːʃəw/
• 12: cnae /kneː/

Numbers must be used with singular nouns. The numbers kiew and stáw come after the noun, while other numbers come before it.

Derivational morphology

Below are some common IlL/Spare pages 1/51 derivational affixes:

• -e (f): nominalizer
• -abh/-ibh: diminutive
• -ach/-each: verbal noun (the most common suffix)
• -án/-eán, -áin/-eáin: adjectivizer
• -all/-eall: adjectivizer
• -ill (m.): nominalizer

Syntax

Main article: Tíogall/Syntax

Phrasebook

• An Saichte leis! (to one person)/An Saichte leac! (to ≥2 people) = Hello! (lit. "the gods [give blessing] to you")
• Moile! = Thank you!
• Le h-éganta! = Goodbye! (lit. "to meeting")
• Feilin [NAME]. = My name is [NAME].
• Stánsa boire leis! = Happy Stannsa!
• Sŋaoichré bhoire leis! = Happy birthday!
• Bithir huiŋeán lion. = Nice to meet you.
• B'aeillin iar. = I love you.
• Ní thnáighin leis! = I don't believe you!
• Brós na deallar iar guireanta. = Lower your standards. ("Put your eyes lower.")