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| ==Phonology== | | ==Phonology== |
| ===Consonants=== | | ===Consonants=== |
| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 750px; text-align: center;"
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| |+'''Netagin consonants'''
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| |-
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| ! colspan="14"|Consonants
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" rowspan= "2"|
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| ! rowspan="2" | Bilabial
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| ! rowspan="2" | Labio-dental
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| ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Dental
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| ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Alveolar
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| ! rowspan="2" | Retroflex
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| ! rowspan="2" | Palatal
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| ! rowspan="2" | Velar
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| ! rowspan="2" | Uvular
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| ! rowspan="2" | Pharyngeal
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| ! rowspan="2" | Glottal
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| |-
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| ! <small>plain</small>
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| ! <small>pharyngealized</small>
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| ! <small>plain</small>
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| ! <small>pharyngealized</small>
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2"| Nasals
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| |'''m, mb''' /mˠ~mʲ/
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| |'''n, nd, nˀ, nh''' /nˠ~ȵ/
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| |'''nˤ, nḥ''' /nˤ/
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| |colspan="2"|'''ng''' /ɲ~ŋ/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2"|Plosives
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| !<small>voiceless</small>
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| |'''p''' /pˠ~pʲ/
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| |'''t''' /tˠ~t͡ɕ/
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| |'''ṭ''' /tˤ~ɗˤ/
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| |colspan="2"|'''c''' /c~k/
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| |'''q''' /q/
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| | colspan="1" rowspan="2"|'''ˀ''' /ʔ/
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| |-
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| !<small>voiced</small>
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| |'''b, bp''' /bˠ~bʲ/
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| |'''d, dt''' /dˠ~d͡ʑ/
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| |'''dṭ''' /dˤ/
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| |colspan="2"|'''g, gc''' /ɟ~g/
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| |'''gq''' /ɢ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives
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| !<small>voiceless</small>
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| |'''f, ph''' /fˠ~fʲ/
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| |'''th''' /θ/
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| |'''ṭh''' /fˤ~θˤ/
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| |'''s''' /sˠ~ɕ/
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| |'''š''' /ʂˠ~ʃ/
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| | colspan="2"|'''ch''' /ç~x/
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| |'''qh''' /χ/
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| |'''ḥ, fh''' /ħ/
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| | rowspan="2"|'''h''' /h~ɦ/
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| |-
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| !<small>voiced</small>
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| |'''bh''' /vˠ~vʲ/
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| |'''dh''' /ð/
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| |'''z''' /zˠ~ʑ/
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| | colspan="2"|'''gh''' /(j~)ʝ~ɣ/
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| |'''r''' /ʁ~ʀ/
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| |'''ˁ''' /ʕ/
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| |-
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| !colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximants
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| |'''mh, mhf''' /w~vʲ/
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| |'''y''' /j(~ʝ)/
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| ! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Lateral app.
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| |'''l''' /ɫ~ʎ/
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| ! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Lateral fric.
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| |'''ś''' /ɬ/
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| ! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Lateral aff.
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| |'''tz''' /tɬ/
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| |}
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| The phoneme /tˤ/ is commonly realized as an implosive, [ɗˤ] word-initially.
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| In the standard pronunciation (but not in all dialects; notably not in the Ṭašálí dialect) all consonants except /j/, pharyngealized coronals, uvulars, gutturals (pharyngeals and glottals), lateral fricatives and affricates and dental fricatives are strongly palatalized when preceding a front vowel and (especially for coronals) velarized before a back vowel. (Some speakers also velarize and palatalize lateral obstruents /ɬ/ and /tɬ/.) This serves to more clearly distinguish plain consonants from their emphatic counterparts.
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| {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
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| |-
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| ! Phoneme
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| ! /ɣ/
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| ! /x/
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| ! /g/
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| ! /k/
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| ! /ŋ/
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| ! /ʂ/
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| ! /l/
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| ! /z/
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| ! /s/
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| ! /d/
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| ! /t/
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| ! /n/
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| ! /w/
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| ! /v/
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| ! /f/
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| ! /b/
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| ! /p/
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| ! /m/
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| |-
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| ! Velarized
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| | [ɣ]
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| | [x]
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| | [g]
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| | [k]
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| | [ŋ]
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| | [ʂˠ]
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| | [ɫ]
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| | [zˠ]
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| | [sˠ]
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| | [dˠ]
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| | [tˠ]
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| | [nˠ]
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| | [w]
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| | [vˠ]
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| | [fˠ]
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| | [bˠ]
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| | [pˠ]
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| | [mˠ]
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| ! Palatalized
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| | [ʝ(~j)]
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| | [ç]
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| | [ɟ]
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| | [c]
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| | [ɲ]
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| | [ʃ]
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| | [ʎ]
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| | [ʑ]
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| | [ɕ]
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| | [d͡ʑ]
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| | [t͡ɕ]
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| | [ȵ]
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| |colspan="2"| [vʲ]
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| | [fʲ]
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| | [bʲ]
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| | [pʲ]
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| | [mʲ]
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| |}
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| ''Y'' and slender ''gh'' are merged by many speakers.
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| ===Vowels=== | | ===Vowels=== |
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels
The vowels written with an acute accent can be analyzed as long vowels or tense vowels; one or more of both pronunciations may be realized simultaneously.
Front vowels /i e ɛ/ are centralized to [ɨ ɘ ɜ] after pharyngealized or uvular consonants.
Vowels are nasalized before /ʕ/, /ħ/ and /ʁ/.
Stress
In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable.