User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2: Difference between revisions
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===Stress accent=== | |||
Pre-??? inherited the phonemic stress system of [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]. No syllable in a word had to be stressed, and sometimes more than one were. Here, stress is indicated with an acute accent, written thus: | |||
:'''á é í ó ú ḗ ṓ''' | |||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan=" | !rowspan="4" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2" | 1st | !colspan="2" | 1st | ||
!colspan="2" | 2nd | !colspan="2" | 2nd | ||
!colspan=" | !colspan="8" | 3rd | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Sing. | ! rowspan="2" | Sing. | ||
! Pl. | ! rowspan="2" | Pl. | ||
! Sing. | ! rowspan="2" | Sing. | ||
! Pl. | ! rowspan="2" | Pl. | ||
! Sing. | ! colspan="4" | Sing. | ||
! Pl. | ! colspan="4" | Pl. | ||
|- | |||
! Masc. | |||
! Neut. | |||
! Fem. | |||
! Them. | |||
! Masc. | |||
! Neut. | |||
! Fem. | |||
! Them. | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| ''*xigy'' | | ''*xigy'' | ||
| ''*evij'' | |||
| ''*fax'' | | ''*fax'' | ||
| ''*jafa'' | |||
| ''*su'' | | ''*su'' | ||
| ''*tud'' | | rowspan="2" | ''*tud'' | ||
| ''*siq'' | | ''*siq'' | ||
| ''* | | ''*qins'' | ||
| ''*tuj'' | | ''*tuj'' | ||
| ''*tuq'' | | rowspan="2" | ''*tuq'' | ||
| ''*tiqaj'' | | ''*tiqaj'' | ||
| ''*qini'' | | ''*qini'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| | | ''*amí'' | ||
| ''*esmí'' | |||
| ''*fí'' | |||
| ''*vōs'' | |||
| ''*tum'' | |||
| ''*tiq'' | |||
| ''*qim'' | |||
| ''*tuns'' | |||
| ''*tiqes'' | |||
| ''*qines'' | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| ''*míni'' | |||
| ''*esu'' | |||
| ''*tívi'' | |||
| ''*shafsu'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*safó'' | |||
| ''*isiq'' | |||
| ''*qinchu'' | |||
| colspan="2" | ''*tisum'' | |||
| ''*tiqum'' | |||
| ''*qinum'' | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| ''*míshu'' | |||
|- | |||
! Ablative | |||
| ''*míd'' | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| rowspan="2" | ''*muáj'' | |||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
|- | |||
! Comitative | |||
| ''*amík'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Illative | ||
| | | ''*míshuq'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 05:25, 16 May 2017
| Pre-??? | |
|---|---|
| Created by | – |
Indo-European
| |
History
Phonology
Consonants
Pre-??? possessed the following consonants:
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palatalized | Plain | Labialized | Plain | Labialized | ||||||
| Nasal | *m /m/ | *n /n/ | ||||||||
| Plosive | Voiceless | *p /p/ | *t /t/ | *ky /kʲ/ | *k /k/ | *kw /kʷ/ | ||||
| Voiced | *d /t/ | *gy /gʲ/ | *g /g/ | *gw /gʷ/ | ||||||
| Aspirated | *ph /pʰ/ | *th /tʰ/ | *kyh /kʲʰ/ | *kh /kʰ/ | *kwh /kʷʰ/ | |||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | *f /f/ | *s /s/ | *sh /ʃ/ | *x /x/ | *q /χ/ | *qw /χʷ/ | |||
| Voiced | *v /v/ | *j /ʒ/ | ||||||||
| Affricate | *ch /t͡ʃ/ | |||||||||
| Approximant | *l /l/ | |||||||||
| Flap/Trill | *r /r/ | |||||||||
Vowels
The following vowel phonemes are used:
| Front | Central | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short | Long | Short | Short | Long | |
| High | *i /i/ | *u /u/ | |||
| Mid | *e /e/ | *ē /eː/ | *o /o/ | *ō /oː/ | |
| Low | *a /a/ | ||||
Stress accent
Pre-??? inherited the phonemic stress system of Proto-Indo-European. No syllable in a word had to be stressed, and sometimes more than one were. Here, stress is indicated with an acute accent, written thus:
- á é í ó ú ḗ ṓ
Grammar
Pronouns
The following pronouns are used:
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | |||||||
| Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Them. | Masc. | Neut. | Fem. | Them. | |||||
| Nominative | *xigy | *evij | *fax | *jafa | *su | *tud | *siq | *qins | *tuj | *tuq | *tiqaj | *qini |
| Accusative | *amí | *esmí | *fí | *vōs | *tum | *tiq | *qim | *tuns | *tiqes | *qines | ||
| Genitive | *míni | *esu | *tívi | *shafsu | *safó | *isiq | *qinchu | *tisum | *tiqum | *qinum | ||
| Dative | *míshu | |||||||||||
| Ablative | *míd | |||||||||||
| Locative | *muáj | |||||||||||
| Instrumental | ||||||||||||
| Comitative | *amík | |||||||||||
| Illative | *míshuq | |||||||||||
Verb phrases
Person/number conjugation
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. | Sing. | Pl. |
| Past | |||||
| Present | |||||