User:Frrurtu/Sandbox2: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
|name = Pre-Owina
|nativename =
|pronunciation =
|region = East Siberia
|states =
|setting =
|speakers =
|date = c. 2000 BC
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
|script = [[w:Latin script|Latin]] (unofficially)
}}
==History==
:''See also: [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]''
Pre-Owina evolved from the [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] language spoken somewhere in the Eurasian steppes. The following are among the notable changes that occurred as the Pre-Owina culture made its way into east Siberia:
* Voiced aspirated consonants became devoiced (but kept their aspiration).
* Short /e/ and /o/ were raised to /i/ and /u/ to make maximal use of the vowel space.
:* Afterward, vowel length was lost, so /eː/ and /oː/ became simply /e/ and /o/.
* Labialized consonants delabialized when preceding /u/ and /o/, and palatalized consonants depalatalized when preceding /i/.
* The consonants /j/ and /w/ shifted to /ʒ/ and /v/. Unlike most Indo-European languages where syllabic /j/ and /w/ became vocalic /i/ and /u/, here they remained consonantal.
:* When adjacent to a voiceless consonant, /ʒ/ and /v/ became /ʃ/ and /f/.
* Syllabic consonants became disallowed:
:* Syllabic /n/ and /r/ fronted to /e/, while syllabic /l/ vocalized to /o/.
:* The other syllabic consonants (/j/, /w/, and /m/) took on an epenthetic /a/ to separate them from other consonants. /ʃ/ and /f/ kept their voicelessness when pulled out of consonant clusters, thus cementing them as new phonemes.
* The dual number completely disappeared.
* Thematic inflection paradigms for nouns of the three original grammatical genders (masculine, neuter, and feminine) merged, creating a fourth "thematic" gender.
:* This gender adopted /qin/, a simplification of the Proto-Indo-European word for "other", as its pronoun.
* Unlike most Indo-European languages, which simplified the robust case system of Proto-Indo-European, Pre-Owina innovated two new cases under influence from nearby Siberian languages:
:* A [[w:comitative case|comitative]], from the postposition /kum/ ("with") suffixed to the accusative.
:* An [[w:illative case|illative]], from the postposition /xin/ ("in") suffixed to the dative.
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
Pre-Owina possessed the following consonants:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!  rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
!  rowspan="2" |Labial
!  rowspan="2" |Alveolar
!  rowspan="2" |Palatal-<br>alveolar
!  rowspan="2" |Palatal
!  colspan="3" |Velar
!  colspan="2" |Uvular
|-
!  Palatalized
!  Plain
!  Labialized
!  Plain
!  Labialized
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | Plosive
! Voiceless
| *'''p''' /p/
| *'''t''' /t/
|
|
| *'''ky''' /kʲ/
| *'''k''' /k/
| *'''kw''' /kʷ/
|
|
|-
! Voiced
|
| *'''d''' /t/
|
|
| *'''gy''' /gʲ/
| *'''g''' /g/
| *'''gw''' /gʷ/
|
|
|-
! Aspirated
| *'''ph''' /pʰ/
| *'''th''' /tʰ/
|
|
| *'''kyh''' /kʲʰ/
| *'''kh''' /kʰ/
| *'''kwh''' /kʷʰ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! Voiceless
| *'''f''' /f/
| *'''s''' /s/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/
|
|
| *'''x''' /x/
|
| *'''q''' /χ/
| *'''qw''' /χʷ/
|-
! Voiced
| *'''v''' /v/
|
| *'''j''' /ʒ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Affricate
|
|
| *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
|
| *'''l''' /l/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Flap/Trill
|
| *'''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
===Vowels===
The following vowel phonemes are used:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! High
| *'''i''' /i/
|
| *'''u''' /u/
|-
! Mid
| *'''e''' /e/
|
| *'''o''' /o/
|-
! Low
|
| *'''a''' /a/
|
|}
===Phonotactics===
Syllables could be maximally SPAVAPS, where:
* S stands for any sibilant
* P stands for any plosive or fricative
* A stands for any approximant, flap/trill, or nasal
* V stands for any vowel
Pre-Owina inherited the phonemic stress system of [[w:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]. No syllable in a word had to be stressed, and sometimes more than one were. Here, stress is indicated with an acute accent, written thus:
:'''á é í ó ú'''
==Grammar==
==Grammar==
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
Line 218: Line 28:
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| ''*xig''
| ''*shig''
| ''*ev''
| ''*e''
| ''*fax''
| ''*far''
| ''*ja''
| ''*ja''
| ''*su''
| ''*su''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tud''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tud''
| ''*siq''
| ''*sir''
| ''*qis''
| ''*ris''
| ''*tuj''
| ''*tuj''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tuq''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tur''
| ''*tiqaj''
| ''*tiraj''
| ''*qini''
| ''*rini''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
Line 237: Line 47:
| ''*vos''
| ''*vos''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tiq''
| ''*tir''
| ''*qim''
| ''*rim''
| ''*tuns''
| ''*tuns''
| ''*tiqes''
| ''*tires''
| ''*qines''
| ''*rines''
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| ''*míni''
| ''*míne''
| ''*esu''
| ''*eso''
| ''*tívi''
| ''*tíve''
| ''*shafsu''
| ''*shɔso''
| colspan="2" | ''*safó''
| colspan="2" | ''*sɔfó''
| ''*isiq''
| ''*iser''
| ''*qinchu''
| ''*rincho''
| colspan="2" | ''*tisum''
| colspan="2" | ''*tisom''
| ''*tiqum''
| ''*tirom''
| ''*qinum''
| ''*rinom''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''*míshu''
| ''*mísho''
| ''*esmij''
| ''*esmej''
| ''*pháju''
| ''*phájo''
| ''*fasmij''
| ''*fasmej''
| colspan="2" | ''*smój''
| colspan="2" | ''*smój''
| ''*qij''
| ''*rij''
| ''*qinij''
| ''*rinej''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmaf''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmɔf''
| ''*tiqmaf''
| ''*timɔf''
| rowspan="2" | ''*qimus''
| rowspan="2" | ''*rimos''
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| ''*míd''
| ''*míd''
| ''*esmid''
| ''*esmed''
| ''*fíd''
| ''*fíd''
| ''*fasmid''
| ''*fasmed''
| colspan="3" | ''*smód''
| colspan="3" | ''*smód''
| ''*qind''
| ''*rind''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujus''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujos''
| ''*tuqus''
| ''*turos''
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
Line 283: Line 93:
| ''*fasmaj''
| ''*fasmaj''
| colspan="2" | ''*smaj''
| colspan="2" | ''*smaj''
| ''*qaj''
| ''*raj''
| ''*qinch''
| ''*rinch''
| colspan="2" | ''*chaf''
| colspan="2" | ''*chɔ''
| ''*tiqshaf''
| ''*tishɔ''
| ''*qinchaf''
| ''*rinchɔ''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| ''*esmáj''
| ''*esmáj''
| ''*fasmu''
| ''*fasmo''
| colspan="3" | ''*tuj''
| colspan="3" | ''*tuj''
| ''*qinax''
| ''*rinar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tushphaj''
| colspan="2" | ''*tushphaj''
| ''*tiqphaj''
| ''*tiphaj''
| ''*qinash''
| ''*rinash''
|-
|-
! Comitative
! Comitative
| ''*amík''
| ''*amík''
| ''*esmík''
| ''*esmík''
| ''*fíkum''
| ''*fíkom''
| ''*voskum''
| ''*voskom''
| ''*tiqum''
| ''*tərom''
| ''*tudum''
| ''*turom''
| ''*tuqum''
| ''*turom''
| ''*qimum''
| ''*rimom''
| ''*tunsum''
| ''*tunsom''
| ''*tuqum''
| ''*turom''
| ''*tiqem''
| ''*tirəm''
| ''*qiskum''
| ''*riskom''
|-
|-
! Illative
! Illative
| ''*míshuq''
| ''*míshor''
| ''*esmin''
| ''*esmen''
| ''*phájux''
| ''*phájor''
| ''*fasmin''
| ''*fasmen''
| colspan="2" | ''*smósh''
| colspan="2" | ''*smósh''
| ''*shin''
| ''*shin''
| ''*qinchax''
| ''*rinchar''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujman''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujman''
| ''*tuqun''
| ''*turon''
| ''*qinchin''
| ''*rinchen''
|}
|}


Line 349: Line 159:
| ''*-(a)s''
| ''*-(a)s''
| ''*-(a)sh''
| ''*-(a)sh''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-i''
| ''*-e''
| rowspan="3" | ''*-(a)x''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-(a)r''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-ish''
| ''*-esh''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-i''
| ''*-e''
|-
! Vocative
| colspan="4" | ''*-∅/-e''
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
Line 364: Line 171:
! Genitive
! Genitive
| colspan="3" | ''*-(a)s''
| colspan="3" | ''*-(a)s''
| ''*-shu''
| ''*-sho''
| colspan="4" | ''*-um''
| colspan="4" | ''*-om''
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| colspan="4" | ''*-ij''
| colspan="4" | ''*-ej''
| rowspan="2" colspan="4" | ''*-mus''
| rowspan="2" colspan="4" | ''*-mos''
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
Line 377: Line 184:
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| colspan="2" | ''*-ij''
| colspan="2" | ''*-ej''
| colspan="2" | ''*-(a)j''
| colspan="2" | ''*-(a)j''
| colspan="3" | ''*-sav''
| colspan="3" | ''*-sɔ''
| ''*-shaf''
| ''*-shɔ''
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)x''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)r''
| colspan="3" | ''*-phaj''
| colspan="3" | ''*-phaj''
| ''*-(a)sh''
| ''*-(a)sh''
|-
|-
! Comitative
! Comitative
| ''*-mum''
| ''*-mom''
| ''*-kum''
| ''*-kom''
| ''*-shum''
| ''*-shom''
| ''*-mum''
| ''*-mom''
| ''*-skum''
| ''*-skom''
| ''*-xum''
| ''*-shom''
| ''*-shum''
| ''*-shom''
| ''*-skum''
| ''*-skom''
|-
|-
! Illative
! Illative
| colspan="2" | ''*-shax''
| colspan="2" | ''*-shar''
| ''*-shin''
| ''*-shen''
| ''*-shax''
| ''*-shar''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shin''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shen''
|}
|}


Line 434: Line 241:
|-
|-
!Past
!Past
| ''*-am''
| ''*-ɔm''
| ''*-amí''
| ''*-ɔmí''
| ''*-as''
| ''*-as''
| ''*-ití''
| ''*-etí''
| ''*-at''
| ''*-at''
| ''*-and''
| ''*-and''
| ''*-um''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-umi''
| ''*-ome''
| ''*-is''
| ''*-es''
| ''*-iti''
| ''*-ete''
| ''*-id''
| ''*-ed''
| ''*-und''
| ''*-ond''
|-
|-
!Present
!Present
| ''*-ma''
| ''*-ma''
| ''*-mus''
| ''*-mos''
| ''*-sa''
| ''*-sa''
| ''*-ti''
| ''*-te''
| ''*-ta''
| ''*-ta''
| ''*-anch''
| ''*-anch''
| ''*-u''
| ''*-o''
| ''*-um''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-ash''
| ''*-ash''
| ''*-it''
| ''*-et''
| ''*-umu''
| ''*-omo''
| ''*-unch''
| ''*-onch''
|}
|}
==Sample text==
From [[w:Schleicher's fable|Schleicher's fable]]:
:'''PIE:''' h₂áu̯ei̯ h₁i̯osméi̯ h₂u̯l̥h₁náh₂ né h₁ést, só h₁éḱu̯oms derḱt. só gʷr̥hₓúm u̯óǵʰom u̯eǵʰed; só méǵh₂m̥ bʰórom; só dʰǵʰémonm̥ h₂ṓḱu bʰered.
:'''Pre-Owina:''' Qívas xashusij qafoxniqash ní xísat, sú xíkshafes dirkid; sú qinum víkhyam sú mígyaqam phírat, sú thakhyímunam qókyav phírat.
:'''Gloss:''' sheep-F.SG.NOM REL-F.SG.DAT wool-THEM.SG.NOM not be-3SG.PST, and horse-THEM.PL.ACC see-3SG.PST.THEM. and 3PL.THEM.GEN wagon-NEUT.SG.ACC pull-3SG.PST; and load-NEUT.SG.ACC carry-3SG.PST; and person-M.ACC quick-ADV carry-3SG.PST.
:'''English:''' A sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly.

Revision as of 02:56, 27 May 2017

Grammar

Pronouns

The following pronouns were used:

1st 2nd 3rd
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Masc. Neut. Fem. Them. Masc. Neut. Fem. Them.
Nominative *shig *e *far *ja *su *tud *sir *ris *tuj *tur *tiraj *rini
Accusative *amí *esmí *fí *vos *tum *tir *rim *tuns *tires *rines
Genitive *míne *eso *tíve *shɔso *sɔfó *iser *rincho *tisom *tirom *rinom
Dative *mísho *esmej *phájo *fasmej *smój *rij *rinej *tujmɔf *timɔf *rimos
Ablative *míd *esmed *fíd *fasmed *smód *rind *tujos *turos
Locative *muáj *esmaj *tuáj *fasmaj *smaj *raj *rinch *chɔ *tishɔ *rinchɔ
Instrumental *esmáj *fasmo *tuj *rinar *tushphaj *tiphaj *rinash
Comitative *amík *esmík *fíkom *voskom *tərom *turom *turom *rimom *tunsom *turom *tirəm *riskom
Illative *míshor *esmen *phájor *fasmen *smósh *shin *rinchar *tujman *turon *rinchen

Case declension

Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.

Singular Plural
Masc. Neut. Fem. Them. Masc. Neut. Fem. Them.
Nominative *-(a)m *-∅/-e *-(a)s *-(a)sh *-e *-(a)r *-esh *-e
Accusative *-(a)m *-es *-es
Genitive *-(a)s *-sho *-om
Dative *-ej *-mos
Ablative *-(a)d *-(a)s *-(a)d
Locative *-ej *-(a)j *-sɔ *-shɔ
Instrumental *-(a)r *-phaj *-(a)sh
Comitative *-mom *-kom *-shom *-mom *-skom *-shom *-shom *-skom
Illative *-shar *-shen *-shar *-shen

Verb phrases

Person/number conjugation

Athematic Thematic
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.
Past *-ɔm *-ɔmí *-as *-etí *-at *-and *-om *-ome *-es *-ete *-ed *-ond
Present *-ma *-mos *-sa *-te *-ta *-anch *-o *-om *-ash *-et *-omo *-onch
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