User:IlL/Spare pages 1/2: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older editNewer edit →
IlL (talk | contribs)
Bots
143,281 edits
IlL (talk | contribs)
Bots
143,281 edits
mNo edit summary
Line 3: Line 3:
:[[Classical Netagin/he|דף זה בעברית]]
:[[Classical Netagin/he|דף זה בעברית]]


'''Classical Netagin''' (Classical Netagin: ''băric năþâgin'' [pəˈrits nəðɒˈgin], [[Eevo]]: traditionally ''Nyðogín Afẃr'' 'Noble Netagin', [[Clofabosin]]: ''netagosin''), also called '''Old Netagin''' ([[Eevo]]: ''Nyðogín Dair''), is the stage of [[Netagin]] descended from [[Ancient Netagin]].  
'''Classical Netagin''' (Classical Netagin: ''băric năþågin'' [pəˈrits nəðɒˈgin], [[Eevo]]: traditionally ''Nyðogín Afẃr'' 'Noble Netagin', [[Clofabosin]]: ''netagosin''), also called '''Old Netagin''' ([[Eevo]]: ''Nyðogín Dair''), is the stage of [[Netagin]] descended from [[Ancient Netagin]].  


Noble Netagin is a classical language in Talma; it was the language of the Netagin Republic in Ancient Talma and lent some loans to other Talman languages such as [[Eevo]] and [[Bênôcian]]. Noble Netagin used to be a mainstay of elite education and is still commonly taught in Talma.
Noble Netagin is a classical language in Talma; it was the language of the Netagin Republic in Ancient Talma and lent some loans to other Talman languages such as [[Eevo]] and [[Bênôcian]]. Noble Netagin used to be a mainstay of elite education and is still commonly taught in Talma.
Line 17: Line 17:
==Sound changes from ANtg==
==Sound changes from ANtg==
*a > a
*a > a
*ā > â
*ā > å
*ay, i > e
*ay, i > e
**i > è in stressed syllables in construct state
**i > è in stressed syllables in construct state
Line 236: Line 236:
|  
|  
| '''a''' /a/
| '''a''' /a/
| '''â''' /ɒ/
| '''å''' /ɒ/
|}
|}


Line 262: Line 262:
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
<!--
<!--
{{angbr|ı/ıƪ ᙮/᙮ӿ ˫/˫ƪ ; :/:ӿ ‹ » ›/›п · ⸗}} = i u e ö o è ò â ă a
{{angbr|ı/ıƪ ᙮/᙮ӿ ˫/˫ƪ ; :/:ӿ ‹ » ›/›п · ⸗}} = i u e ö o è ò å ă a
-->
-->


Line 282: Line 282:
*''xed, xidd-'' = with (instrumental)
*''xed, xidd-'' = with (instrumental)
*''feś, fiśś-'' = between, among
*''feś, fiśś-'' = between, among
*''derâ'' = because of
*''derå'' = because of
*''dön'' = around, about
*''dön'' = around, about
*''keȝ'' = over, above
*''keȝ'' = over, above
Line 313: Line 313:
|-
|-
!Masculine, animate
!Masculine, animate
|| ''xod'' || ''xod'' || ''xuddâ'' || ''xuddâ''
|| ''xod'' || ''xod'' || ''xuddå'' || ''xuddå''
|-
|-
!Masculine, inanimate
!Masculine, inanimate
|| ''yărefâ'' || ''yirfâ'' || ''yaref'' || ''yăref''
|| ''yărefå'' || ''yirfå'' || ''yaref'' || ''yăref''
|-
|-
!Feminine, animate
!Feminine, animate
|| ''ʔèȝsö'' || ''ʔèȝsön'' || ''ʔăȝâsöb'' || ''ʔèȝsöb''
|| ''ʔèȝsö'' || ''ʔèȝsön'' || ''ʔăȝåsöb'' || ''ʔèȝsöb''
|-
|-
!Feminine, inanimate
!Feminine, inanimate
Line 336: Line 336:


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align: center;"
|+ ''năþâgin'' 'Netagin'
|+ ''năþågin'' 'Netagin'
|-
|-
! !! Singular !! Plural
! !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
!Masculine animate
!Masculine animate
|| ''năþâgin'' || ''năþâginâ''  
|| ''năþågin'' || ''năþåginå''  
|-
|-
!Masculine inanimate
!Masculine inanimate
|| ''năþâginâ'' || ''năþâgin''  
|| ''năþåginå'' || ''năþågin''  
|-
|-
!Feminine animate
!Feminine animate
|| ''năþâgiyö'' || ''năþâgiyöb''  
|| ''năþågiyö'' || ''năþågiyöb''  
|-
|-
!Feminine inanimate
!Feminine inanimate
|| ''năþâgiyöb'' || ''năþâgiyö''  
|| ''năþågiyöb'' || ''năþågiyö''  
|}
|}
====Degree====
====Degree====
Degree is indicated with affixes, as in European languages.
Degree is indicated with affixes, as in European languages.
*''-âm'' = "very"
*''-åm'' = "very"


"than": ''fâ''
"than": ''få''


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
Line 364: Line 364:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''ʔaxd'' || ''ʔaxxâ''
| ''ʔaxd'' || ''ʔaxxå''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''ʔan'' || ''ʔannâ''   
| ''ʔan'' || ''ʔannå''   
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''heh'' (m)<br/>''han'' (f) || ''hènnâ''<br/>''hanib'' (f)
| ''heh'' (m)<br/>''han'' (f) || ''hènnå''<br/>''hanib'' (f)
|}
|}


Line 388: Line 388:
*Binyan 10 - frequentative, "-le"
*Binyan 10 - frequentative, "-le"
*Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes.  
*Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes.  
**Ex. ''ħădâdex'' 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
**Ex. ''ħădådex'' 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
*Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X"
*Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X"


Line 397: Line 397:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''1â2a3'' || ''-i12a3'' || ''1ö2e3'' || ''1e2o3'' || ''1â2e3''
| ''1å2a3'' || ''-i12a3'' || ''1ö2e3'' || ''1e2o3'' || ''1å2e3''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''1a2ö3'' || ''-a12u3'' || ''1â2i3'' || ''1â2u3'' || ''1â2â3''
| ''1a2ö3'' || ''-a12u3'' || ''1å2i3'' || ''1å2u3'' || ''1å2å3''
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''ʔa12i<sup>1</sup>3'' || ''-â12e3'' || ''bi11u2â3'' || ''þi11u2â3'' || ''ʔa12o3''
| ''ʔa12i<sup>1</sup>3'' || ''-å12e3'' || ''bi11u2å3'' || ''þi11u2å3'' || ''ʔa12o3''
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| ''ʔa1â2e3'' || ''-ă1e2u3'' || ''ba12a3'' || ''þa12â3'' || ''ʔa12a3ö''
| ''ʔa1å2e3'' || ''-ă1e2u3'' || ''ba12a3'' || ''þa12å3'' || ''ʔa12a3ö''
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| ''þa12u3'' || ''-uþ1â2e3'' || ''buþ1â2o3'' || ''þuþ1â2o3'' || ''þa12ö3ö''
| ''þa12u3'' || ''-uþ1å2e3'' || ''buþ1å2o3'' || ''þuþ1å2o3'' || ''þa12ö3ö''
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| ''ʔi1:â2a3'' || ''-u1:e2o3'' || ''bu1:e2o3'' || ''þu1:e2o3'' || ''ʔu1:â2e3''
| ''ʔi1:å2a3'' || ''-u1:e2o3'' || ''bu1:e2o3'' || ''þu1:e2o3'' || ''ʔu1:å2e3''
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| ''ʔiþþă1â2o3'' || ''-uþþă1â2e3'' || ''buþþă1â2o3'' || ''þuþþă1â2o3'' || ''þiþþă1â2ī3''
| ''ʔiþþă1å2o3'' || ''-uþþă1å2e3'' || ''buþþă1å2o3'' || ''þuþþă1å2o3'' || ''þiþþă1å2ī3''
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
| ''ʔi21â2e3'' || ''-i21e2o3'' || ''bu21â2o3'' || ''þu21â2o3'' || ''ʔu21â2e3''
| ''ʔi21å2e3'' || ''-i21e2o3'' || ''bu21å2o3'' || ''þu21å2o3'' || ''ʔu21å2e3''
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
Line 424: Line 424:
|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| ''1ă2â2a3'' || ''-i12â2o3'' || ''bu12â2o3'' || ''þu12â2o3'' || ''þu12â2e3''
| ''1ă2å2a3'' || ''-i12å2o3'' || ''bu12å2o3'' || ''þu12å2o3'' || ''þu12å2e3''
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
| ''1ă2â2e3'' || ''-i12e2o3'' || ''bu12e2o3'' || ''þu12e2o3'' || ''þi12â2e3''
| ''1ă2å2e3'' || ''-i12e2o3'' || ''bu12e2o3'' || ''þu12e2o3'' || ''þi12å2e3''
|-
|-
! 12
! 12
| ''1i31a2o3'' || ''-i1i31e2o3'' || ''bu1i31â2o3'' || ''þu1i31â2o3'' || ''1i31â2e3''
| ''1i31a2o3'' || ''-i1i31e2o3'' || ''bu1i31å2o3'' || ''þu1i31å2o3'' || ''1i31å2e3''
|}
|}
<sup>1</sup> Shortens to ''e'' when a suffix is added.
<sup>1</sup> Shortens to ''e'' when a suffix is added.
Line 443: Line 443:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''-x'' || ''-xâ''
| ''-x'' || ''-xå''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''-an''<br/>''-at'' (polite) || ''-nâ''<br/>''-tâ'' (polite)
| ''-an''<br/>''-at'' (polite) || ''-nå''<br/>''-tå'' (polite)
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''-∅'' (m.)<br/>''-ö'' (f.) || ''-â'' (m.) <br/> ''-öb'' (f.)
| ''-∅'' (m.)<br/>''-ö'' (f.) || ''-å'' (m.) <br/> ''-öb'' (f.)
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
Line 458: Line 458:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''ʔabnesx'' || ''ʔabnesxâ''
| ''ʔabnesx'' || ''ʔabnesxå''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''ʔabnesan''<br/>''ʔabnesat'' (polite) || ''ʔabnesnâ''<br/>''ʔabnestâ'' (polite)
| ''ʔabnesan''<br/>''ʔabnesat'' (polite) || ''ʔabnesnå''<br/>''ʔabnestå'' (polite)
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''ʔabnes'' (m.)<br/>''ʔabnesö'' (f.) || ''ʔabnesâ'' (m.)<br/>''ʔabnesöb'' (f.)
| ''ʔabnes'' (m.)<br/>''ʔabnesö'' (f.) || ''ʔabneså'' (m.)<br/>''ʔabnesöb'' (f.)
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
Line 475: Line 475:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''x-'' || ''x-â''
| ''x-'' || ''x-å''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''n-''<br/>''n-t'' (hon.) || ''n-â''<br/>''n-tâ'' (hon.)
| ''n-''<br/>''n-t'' (hon.) || ''n-å''<br/>''n-tå'' (hon.)
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''h-''<br/>''h-ö'' (f.) || ''h-â''<br/>''h-öb'' (f.)
| ''h-''<br/>''h-ö'' (f.) || ''h-å''<br/>''h-öb'' (f.)
|}
|}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
Line 490: Line 490:
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ''xibbenos'' || ''xibbenosâ''
| ''xibbenos'' || ''xibbenoså''
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| ''nibbenos''<br/>''nibbenost'' (hon.) || ''nibbenosâ''<br/>''nibbenostâ'' (hon.)
| ''nibbenos''<br/>''nibbenost'' (hon.) || ''nibbenoså''<br/>''nibbenostå'' (hon.)
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| ''hibbenos''<br/>''hibbenosö'' (f.) || ''hibbenosâ'' <br/>''hibbenosöb'' (f.)
| ''hibbenos''<br/>''hibbenosö'' (f.) || ''hibbenoså'' <br/>''hibbenosöb'' (f.)
|}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
Line 503: Line 503:
''ħatr'''e''''' = swim! (2sg)
''ħatr'''e''''' = swim! (2sg)


''ħatar'''nân''''' = swim! (2pl)
''ħatar'''nån''''' = swim! (2pl)


''ħatar'''þun''''' = swim! (polite, all numbers)
''ħatar'''þun''''' = swim! (polite, all numbers)
Line 522: Line 522:
|0
|0
|''ħaŋic''
|''ħaŋic''
|''băhâŋuc''
|''băhåŋuc''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
Line 529: Line 529:
|1
|1
|''böd''
|''böd''
|''băhâbud''
|''băhåbud''
|''budbâd''
|''budbåd''
|''halálédh''
|''halálédh''
|''-''
|''-''
Line 537: Line 537:
|''ħez''
|''ħez''
|''băħuz''
|''băħuz''
|''ħuzħâz''
|''ħuzħåz''
|''gaḥáḥéz''
|''gaḥáḥéz''
|''géḥáz''
|''géḥáz''
Line 544: Line 544:
|''tuŋ''
|''tuŋ''
|''bătuŋ''
|''bătuŋ''
|''tuŋtâŋ''
|''tuŋtåŋ''
|''tzebhábhél''
|''tzebhábhél''
|''tzibál''
|''tzibál''
|-
|-
|4
|4
|''mikâś''
|''mikåś''
|''bămâkuś''
|''bămåkuś''
|''măkuśkâś''
|''măkuśkåś''
|''meqháqhétz''
|''meqháqhétz''
|''miqátz''
|''miqátz''
Line 557: Line 557:
|5
|5
|''fazzim''
|''fazzim''
|''băfâzum''
|''băfåzum''
|''făzumzâm''
|''făzumzåm''
|''pezázémh''
|''pezázémh''
|''pizzámh''
|''pizzámh''
|-
|-
|6
|6
|''ʔaŋbân''
|''ʔaŋbån''
|''băŋâbun''
|''băŋåbun''
|''ŋăbunbân''
|''ŋăbunbån''
|''lebhábhén''
|''lebhábhén''
|''libán''
|''libán''
Line 571: Line 571:
|7
|7
|''kacăd''
|''kacăd''
|''băkâcud''
|''băkåcud''
|''kăcudcâd''
|''kăcudcåd''
|''qetzátzédh''
|''qetzátzédh''
|''qittzádh''
|''qittzádh''
|-
|-
|8
|8
|''xoȝâs''
|''xoȝås''
|''băxâȝus''
|''băxåȝus''
|''xăȝusȝâs''
|''xăȝusȝås''
|''ceˁáˁéš''
|''ceˁáˁéš''
|''céˁáš''
|''céˁáš''
Line 585: Line 585:
|9
|9
|''riffuy''
|''riffuy''
|''bărâfuy''
|''băråfuy''
|''răfuyfâ''
|''răfuyfå''
|''rephápheh''
|''rephápheh''
|''ripeh''
|''ripeh''
Line 592: Line 592:
|10
|10
|''þabiŋ''
|''þabiŋ''
|''băþâbuŋ''
|''băþåbuŋ''
|''þăbiŋbâŋ''
|''þăbiŋbåŋ''
|''ḥacháchébh''
|''ḥacháchébh''
|''ḥicábh''
|''ḥicábh''
Line 599: Line 599:
|11
|11
|''śǎduȝ''
|''śǎduȝ''
|''băśâduȝ''
|''băśåduȝ''
|''śăduȝdâȝ''
|''śăduȝdåȝ''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|12
|12
|''zârux''
|''zårux''
|''băzârux''
|''băzårux''
|''zăruxrâx''
|''zăruxråx''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
|144
|144
|''gamân''
|''gamån''
|''băgâmun''
|''băgåmun''
|''gămunmân''
|''gămunmån''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
Line 620: Line 620:
|1728
|1728
|''yeŋăs''
|''yeŋăs''
|''băyâŋus''
|''băyåŋus''
|''yăŋusŋâs''
|''yăŋusŋås''
|
|
|
|
Line 628: Line 628:
===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
*''1a2ă3, 1e2ă3, 1o2ă3'' = noun
*''1a2ă3, 1e2ă3, 1o2ă3'' = noun
*''1a2â3, 1a2ö3'' = adjective, noun?
*''1a2å3, 1a2ö3'' = adjective, noun?
*''1a22u3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities
*''1a22u3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities
*''ta12u3'' = noun
*''ta12u3'' = noun
*''ʔi12â3'' = agent noun
*''ʔi12å3'' = agent noun
*''1â2a3, 1â2e3'' = noun
*''1å2a3, 1å2e3'' = noun
*''1ö2a3'' = noun
*''1ö2a3'' = noun
*''1i2a3, 1i2i3, 1i2u3'' = noun
*''1i2a3, 1i2i3, 1i2u3'' = noun
Line 639: Line 639:
*''1a22e3'' = desire for X
*''1a22e3'' = desire for X
*''-in'' = adjective suffix
*''-in'' = adjective suffix
*''-âm'' = augmentative
*''-åm'' = augmentative
<!--
<!--
from my old Netagin article
from my old Netagin article
Line 660: Line 660:
When preverbs such as negation or subordinate conjunctions are used, the verb takes the "opposite" aspect of unpreceded verbs:  
When preverbs such as negation or subordinate conjunctions are used, the verb takes the "opposite" aspect of unpreceded verbs:  


*''ȝânx'' 'I come (imperfective)', ''sâ xaȝân'' 'I do not come (imperfective)', ''nit xaȝân'' 'if I come (imperfective)'
*''ȝånx'' 'I come (imperfective)', ''så xaȝån'' 'I do not come (imperfective)', ''nit xaȝån'' 'if I come (imperfective)'
*''xaȝân'' 'I came (perfective)', ''sâ ȝânx'' 'I did not come (perfective)', ''nit ȝâxx'' 'if I came (perfective)'
*''xaȝån'' 'I came (perfective)', ''så ȝånx'' 'I did not come (perfective)', ''nit ȝåxx'' 'if I came (perfective)'


===Ergativity===
===Ergativity===
Line 668: Line 668:
*''ʔEs-þay hichem.'' = Father returned.
*''ʔEs-þay hichem.'' = Father returned.


*''ʔEs-mâȝ hiskăȝö yis-þay.'' = Father saw Mother.
*''ʔEs-måȝ hiskăȝö yis-þay.'' = Father saw Mother.


*''ʔEs-þay hiskaȝ yis-mâȝ.'' = Mother saw Father.
*''ʔEs-þay hiskaȝ yis-måȝ.'' = Mother saw Father.


*''ʔEs-þay hichem dă ʔes-mâȝ hiskăȝö yis-þay.'' = Father returned and saw Mother.
*''ʔEs-þay hichem dă ʔes-måȝ hiskăȝö yis-þay.'' = Father returned and saw Mother.


*''ʔEs-þay hichem dă sökeȝ xaþ-þay.'' = Father returned and saw Mother. (using the antipassive)
*''ʔEs-þay hichem dă sökeȝ xaþ-þay.'' = Father returned and saw Mother. (using the antipassive)


*''ʔEs-þay hichem dă hiskaȝ yis-mâȝ.'' = Father returned and Mother saw Father.
*''ʔEs-þay hichem dă hiskaȝ yis-måȝ.'' = Father returned and Mother saw Father.


===Relative clauses===
===Relative clauses===
Line 683: Line 683:
==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===Tower of Babel===
===Tower of Babel===
:''Xad, să-rög ʔes-gâser böd băric da-yħenâ bikâ.''
:''Xad, să-rög ʔes-gåser böd băric da-yħenå bikå.''
:then in-all DEF-world one language and word-PL same-PL.M
:then in-all DEF-world one language and word-PL same-PL.M


:''Sem sa-fătinăhâ ʔaŋ-þimmuś, kurac haroz yihâ dă-hikzăʔâ rân.''
:''Sem sa-fătinăhå ʔaŋ-þimmuś, kurac haroz yihå dă-hikzăʔå rån.''
:but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find ERG-3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there.  
:but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find ERG-3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there.  


:''Dă-hibrăsâ, "ʔAce, 3ammâ ʔaŋ-yăgâþ ogăn dă-ŋaþþiȝnân heh siħþây." Dă-ʔemmăd ʔu-fenuś huþħânăbâ yis-yinnâk dă-ʔu-xâwăd huþħânăbâ yis-wăŋâr.''
:''Dă-hibrăså, "ʔAce, 3ammå ʔaŋ-yăgåþ ogăn dă-ŋaþþiȝnån heh siħþåy." Dă-ʔemmăd ʔu-fenuś huþħånăbå yis-yinnåk dă-ʔu-xåwăd huþħånăbå yis-wăŋår.''


==Miscellaneous==
==Miscellaneous==

Revision as of 22:10, 11 October 2017

Classical Netagin/Lexicon
Classical Netagin/Swadesh list
דף זה בעברית

Classical Netagin (Classical Netagin: băric năþågin [pəˈrits nəðɒˈgin], Eevo: traditionally Nyðogín Afẃr 'Noble Netagin', Clofabosin: netagosin), also called Old Netagin (Eevo: Nyðogín Dair), is the stage of Netagin descended from Ancient Netagin.

Noble Netagin is a classical language in Talma; it was the language of the Netagin Republic in Ancient Talma and lent some loans to other Talman languages such as Eevo and Bênôcian. Noble Netagin used to be a mainstay of elite education and is still commonly taught in Talma.

It's inspired by the idea of "Hebrew through a looking-glass".

Some gib

User:IlL/Netagin/Lexicon

Sound changes from ANtg

  • a > a
  • ā > å
  • ay, i > e
    • i > è in stressed syllables in construct state
  • ī > i
  • aw, u > o
    • u > ò in stressed syllables in construct state
  • ō > ö
  • propretonic or pretonic short vowels reduce to ă (depending on state, part of speech)
  • ū > u

Todo

  • Segolates should be CVCCe instead?
  • r assimilating instead of n
  • ergativity
  • some Riqimai-esque bhlaoighnity
  • singulative-collective-plurative
  • Chthryxolidin mutation system instead of the Irish/Hebrew one

Words

Swadesh list

Roots

  • s-r-ć: to heed, to obey
  • y-r-z: to hear
  • n-c: be in front
  • w-s-g: similar
  • n-þ-g: sing
  • n-s-d: learn
  • m-r: go
  • w-x-s: love
  • b-n-s: hide
  • ȝ-z-f: poke
  • z-ħ-m: praise, honor
  • ŋ-þ-w: new
  • x-3-f: reason
  • h-ŋ-c: empty, null
  • ħ-d-x: warm
  • c-ŋ-t: garden, horticulture
  • g-m-z: letter, element
  • ŋ-b-ś: compassion, sympathy
  • f-ś-r: agree, blend
  • n-b-ś: courage
  • þ-f-x: know
  • y-r-f: roll
  • f-c-m: read
  • ȝ-x-r: write
  • z-r-b: true, firm
  • ś-d-ȝ: half, split
  • f-s-t: step, stage
  • ʔ-b-3: mind
  • w-t-f: die
  • þ-ŋ-b: measure
  • z-m-z-m: hesitate
  • s-w-ħ: king, rule
  • ħ-c-g: value
  • ʔ-t-r: punish
  • g-b-n: say
  • k-ȝ-k-ȝ: tile
  • b-s-ŋ: clan, family
  • b-c-3: force, coerce
  • r-ʔ-b: criticize
  • f-s-k: beast
  • k-ȝ-d: agree
  • z-ȝ-n: comfort, solace
  • ʔ-ś-þ: light, color
  • y-d-ś: compare, similar, metaphor
  • s-f-ȝ: dear
  • w-d-r: equal, same
  • ħ-g-r: different
  • m-g-þ: assign
  • k-b-ć: shield, fortress
  • k-z-r: hand over
  • c-b-s: show, exhibit
  • ħ-r-x: open
  • þ-k-s: good, great
  • ħ-n-b: use
  • s-n-ȝ: help
  • f-þ-ʔ: proud
  • s-f-n: bold
  • x-r-r: young
  • x-ȝ-n: eternity
  • ȝ-n: come
  • ȝ-r-y: wait
  • n-m-y: fall
  • k-z-n: stop, settle
  • b-r-c: speak
  • ś-n-ħ: near
  • ħ-t-r: swim
  • ś-r-g: develop, evolve
  • r-x-m: dwell
  • ć-h-k: cold
  • d-ħ-s: strong
  • t-k: to sit on
  • s-b-d: form, become
  • ŋ-z-ʔ: pure
  • d-ŋ-n: lowly, debased, humiliate
  • ŋ-þ-ħ: stretch, deform
  • r-ŋ-b: precious
  • b-ħ-d: round
  • z-n: grasp
  • f-n-3: shine, radiate
  • n-k-d: soft
  • z-n-k: bite

Phonology

Consonants

Netagin has 23 root consonants:

Labial Alveolar Lateral Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ŋ /ŋ/
Plosive unaspirated b /p~b/ d /t~d/ g /k~g/ ʔ /ʔ/
aspirated t /tʰ~dʰ/ k /kʰ~gʰ/
Affricate c /ts/ ć /tɬ/
Fricative spirant f /f~v/ þ /θ~ð/ x /x~ɣ/
nonspirant s /s/
z /z/ 		ś /ɬ/ ħ /ħ/ h /h/
Approximant w /w/ r /ɾ/ y /j/ ȝ /ʁ~ʕ/
  • /ɾ/ is realized as [r] when geminated.

Lenition

A form of lenition occurs after vowels (even across word boundaries), but is not transliterated.

Vowels

Classical Netagin has 10 vowels.

Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i /i/ u /u/
Close-mid e /e/ ö /ö/ o /o/
Open-mid è /ɛ/ ă /ə/ ò /ɔ/
Open a /a/ å /ɒ/

Stress

In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable.

Processes

The obstruents /p t k tʰ kʰ f θ x/ are lenited to [b d g dʰ gʰ v ð ɣ] after a vowel and after voiced sounds (including lenited obstruents, and except /ɾ/). This is called ʔankadö in Netagin.

Morphologically, sequences /rC/ often turn into geminates, due to historical assimilation.

Script

Netagin abugida

Netagin is written in a native left-to-right abugida; it developed from an older abjad which was used for Ancient Netagin.

Consonants

Some of these letters are used as matres lectionis (usually where root consonant letters became treated as part of the vowel).

Vowels

Morphology

See also: Classical Netagin/Declension and Classical Netagin/Gzarot

The Classical Netagin noun system is typical of "old" Talman languages: nouns, which have gender, inflect for number and state; verbs take both subject and object affixes and display changes according to their syntactic environment.

Netagin uses a consonantal root system like the Semitic languages. Most roots have three consonants but some may have two or four, the latter mostly in reduplicated or onomatopoeic roots.

Prepositions

Prepositions inflect for person as in Celtic and Semitic languages.

  • ʔaŋ- = to, for
  • să- = in, at
  • ră- = with (comitative)
  • xaŋ = for
  • hid = towards
  • faC- = from
  • zo = on
  • xed, xidd- = with (instrumental)
  • feś, fiśś- = between, among
  • derå = because of
  • dön = around, about
  • keȝ = over, above
  • noc = in front of, before
  • căþin = without

Nouns

Nouns are traditionally divided into two genders (masculine, feminine), but a four-gender analysis ({masculine, feminine} × {animate, inanimate}) is more common in modern linguistics. There is an inverse number suffix (one for each gender): animate nouns have an unmarked singulative and the inverse number suffix in the collective while inanimate and mass nouns have the inverse number suffix in the singulative and an unmarked collective.

There is also a construct state, which is often marked with stem changes.

Nouns have a definite article ʔes-.

Classical Netagin has also innovated a sex-based gender system with masculine and feminine genders:

  1. Ancient Netagin had an honorific distinction which required agreement in verbs and adjectives.
  2. In Late Ancient Netagin, the honorific developed into its own gender, often being used for big, sacred, specialized, or abstract things, in addition to people of high social status.
  3. The word for "lady", bī3ō, became the normal word for "woman" (like how Frau, formerly "lady", became the normal word for "woman" in German).
  4. Thus, the former honorific agreement (in the third person) analogized to all women and became the feminine gender.

This led to many "great", "majestic", "sacred" or "specialized" objects being feminine in Classical Netagin.

Example declensions:

Sample nouns
Singular Plural
absolute construct absolute construct
Masculine, animate xod xod xuddå xuddå
Masculine, inanimate yărefå yirfå yaref yăref
Feminine, animate ʔèȝsö ʔèȝsön ʔăȝåsöb ʔèȝsöb
Feminine, inanimate tăʔennöb tăʔennöb tăʔennö tăʔennön

The demonstratives are ŋo 'this' and ri 'that'. With nouns, demonstratives may either precede or follow the noun but there's a difference in connotation. For example, "this bird" is either ʔes-xod ŋo or ŋo ʔes-xod, but the latter has the force of "this very bird".

Pronominal suffixes

Adjectives

Declension

Nouns and adjectives have various mishkalim, or patterns, that have different declension paradigms.

Adjectives in -in decline as follows:

năþågin 'Netagin'
Singular Plural
Masculine animate năþågin năþåginå
Masculine inanimate năþåginå năþågin
Feminine animate năþågiyö năþågiyöb
Feminine inanimate năþågiyöb năþågiyö

Degree

Degree is indicated with affixes, as in European languages.

  • -åm = "very"

"than": få

Pronouns

Singular Plural
1 ʔaxd ʔaxxå
2 ʔan ʔannå
3 heh (m)
han (f)		 hènnå
hanib (f)

Verbs

Binyanim

There are 12 binyanim, which tend to (but not always) have the following meanings:

  • Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold") and some monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form.
  • Binyan 2 contains many monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Binyan 1 verbs ("make happy").
  • Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
  • Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).
  • Binyan 5 is roughly equivalent to the German prefix be- (applicative).
  • Binyan 6 - telic, intensive
  • Binyan 7 - telic
  • Binyan 8 - "X a little, almost X"
  • Binyan 9 - "X in advance, X for oneself" (from the middle voice)
  • Binyan 10 - frequentative, "-le"
  • Binyan 11 verbs tend to express gradual processes.
    • Ex. ħădådex 'warm up (literally or romantically)'.
  • Binyan 12 - "mis-X, over-X"


Binyan Imperfective Perfective Active
Participle		 Passive
Participle		 Verbnoun
1 1å2a3 -i12a3 1ö2e3 1e2o3 1å2e3
2 1a2ö3 -a12u3 1å2i3 1å2u3 1å2å3
3 ʔa12i13 -å12e3 bi11u2å3 þi11u2å3 ʔa12o3
4 ʔa1å2e3 -ă1e2u3 ba12a3 þa12å3 ʔa12a3ö
5 þa12u3 -uþ1å2e3 buþ1å2o3 þuþ1å2o3 þa12ö3ö
6 ʔi1:å2a3 -u1:e2o3 bu1:e2o3 þu1:e2o3 ʔu1:å2e3
7 ʔiþþă1å2o3 -uþþă1å2e3 buþþă1å2o3 þuþþă1å2o3 þiþþă1å2ī3
8 ʔi21å2e3 -i21e2o3 bu21å2o3 þu21å2o3 ʔu21å2e3
9 1as2o3 -u1is2o3 bu1as2o3 þu1as2o3 þu1as2e3
10 1ă2å2a3 -i12å2o3 bu12å2o3 þu12å2o3 þu12å2e3
11 1ă2å2e3 -i12e2o3 bu12e2o3 þu12e2o3 þi12å2e3
12 1i31a2o3 -i1i31e2o3 bu1i31å2o3 þu1i31å2o3 1i31å2e3

1 Shortens to e when a suffix is added.

Affixes

Present tense affixes
Singular Plural
1 -x -xå
2 -an
-at (polite)		 -nå
-tå (polite)
3 -∅ (m.)
-ö (f.)		 -å (m.)
-öb (f.)

ʔabnes 'steal'
Singular Plural
1 ʔabnesx ʔabnesxå
2 ʔabnesan
ʔabnesat (polite)		 ʔabnesnå
ʔabnestå (polite)
3 ʔabnes (m.)
ʔabnesö (f.)		 ʔabneså (m.)
ʔabnesöb (f.)

Past tense affixes
Singular Plural
1 x- x-å
2 n-
n-t (hon.)		 n-å
n-tå (hon.)
3 h-
h-ö (f.)		 h-å
h-öb (f.)

ʔabnis 'steal'
Singular Plural
1 xibbenos xibbenoså
2 nibbenos
nibbenost (hon.)		 nibbenoså
nibbenostå (hon.)
3 hibbenos
hibbenosö (f.)		 hibbenoså
hibbenosöb (f.)


Moods

ħatre = swim! (2sg)

ħatarnån = swim! (2pl)

ħatarþun = swim! (polite, all numbers)

Ergative affixes

Ergative affixes are prefixes: they're placed before the subject prefixes if there are any.

Numbers

n nth n each/at a time n-fold; n-ad 1/n
0 ħaŋic băhåŋuc - - -
1 böd băhåbud budbåd halálédh -
2 ħez băħuz ħuzħåz gaḥáḥéz géḥáz
3 tuŋ bătuŋ tuŋtåŋ tzebhábhél tzibál
4 mikåś bămåkuś măkuśkåś meqháqhétz miqátz
5 fazzim băfåzum făzumzåm pezázémh pizzámh
6 ʔaŋbån băŋåbun ŋăbunbån lebhábhén libán
7 kacăd băkåcud kăcudcåd qetzátzédh qittzádh
8 xoȝås băxåȝus xăȝusȝås ceˁáˁéš céˁáš
9 riffuy băråfuy răfuyfå rephápheh ripeh
10 þabiŋ băþåbuŋ þăbiŋbåŋ ḥacháchébh ḥicábh
11 śǎduȝ băśåduȝ śăduȝdåȝ - -
12 zårux băzårux zăruxråx - -
144 gamån băgåmun gămunmån - -
1728 yeŋăs băyåŋus yăŋusŋås

Derivational morphology

  • 1a2ă3, 1e2ă3, 1o2ă3 = noun
  • 1a2å3, 1a2ö3 = adjective, noun?
  • 1a22u3 = adjective relating to personal qualities
  • ta12u3 = noun
  • ʔi12å3 = agent noun
  • 1å2a3, 1å2e3 = noun
  • 1ö2a3 = noun
  • 1i2a3, 1i2i3, 1i2u3 = noun
  • (stolen from hebrew) 1a2a3ö, 1a2i3ö, 1a2u3ö = nouns
  • 1i22a3, 1u22a3
  • 1a22e3 = desire for X
  • -in = adjective suffix
  • -åm = augmentative

Syntax

Classical Netagin is syntactically ergative. Word order is subject-verb in intransitive clauses and object-verb-subject in transitive clauses.

Preverbs

When preverbs such as negation or subordinate conjunctions are used, the verb takes the "opposite" aspect of unpreceded verbs:

  • ȝånx 'I come (imperfective)', så xaȝån 'I do not come (imperfective)', nit xaȝån 'if I come (imperfective)'
  • xaȝån 'I came (perfective)', så ȝånx 'I did not come (perfective)', nit ȝåxx 'if I came (perfective)'

Ergativity

Ergative noun phrases use an ergative particle yi.

  • ʔEs-þay hichem. = Father returned.
  • ʔEs-måȝ hiskăȝö yis-þay. = Father saw Mother.
  • ʔEs-þay hiskaȝ yis-måȝ. = Mother saw Father.
  • ʔEs-þay hichem dă ʔes-måȝ hiskăȝö yis-þay. = Father returned and saw Mother.
  • ʔEs-þay hichem dă sökeȝ xaþ-þay. = Father returned and saw Mother. (using the antipassive)
  • ʔEs-þay hichem dă hiskaȝ yis-måȝ. = Father returned and Mother saw Father.

Relative clauses

Netagin relative clauses often use the verbal noun instead of a finite verb (cf. the flavor of your choosing).

Sample texts

Tower of Babel

Xad, să-rög ʔes-gåser böd băric da-yħenå bikå.
then in-all DEF-world one language and word-PL same-PL.M
Sem sa-fătinăhå ʔaŋ-þimmuś, kurac haroz yihå dă-hikzăʔå rån.
but in-migrate-3PL to-east, plain 3.PFV-find ERG-3PL and-3.PFV-dwell-PL there.
Dă-hibrăså, "ʔAce, 3ammå ʔaŋ-yăgåþ ogăn dă-ŋaþþiȝnån heh siħþåy." Dă-ʔemmăd ʔu-fenuś huþħånăbå yis-yinnåk dă-ʔu-xåwăd huþħånăbå yis-wăŋår.

Miscellaneous

Poetry

Netagin poetry is similar to Hebrew piyyutim in structure. They come in quantitative meters and tend to rhyme.

Meters:

  • SLLL SLLL (hazaj)
  • LLSLLL LLSLLL
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=User:IlL/Spare_pages_1/2&oldid=88789"