Voþken: Difference between revisions
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===Negation=== | ===Negation=== | ||
Negation of verbs in Voþken is done by using the negative particle ''þwi''. This particle | Negation of verbs in Voþken is done by using the negative particle ''þwi''. This particle proceeds the verb to be negated. | ||
Examples:<br> | Examples:<br> | ||
On I can run.<br> | ''On ef cwel.'' I can run.<br> | ||
I cannot run. | ''On ef cwel þwi.'' I cannot run. | ||
==Adjectives== | ==Adjectives== |
Revision as of 16:21, 29 October 2017
Voþken | |
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Voþken | |
Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|ˈvɔθ.kɛn]] |
Created by | iancgil |
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Introduction
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Post Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | ||||
voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | þ /θ/ | s /s/ | c /ʃ/ | h /x/ | ||
voiced | v /v/ | ð /ð/ | s [z]* | |||||
Approximant | r /ɹ/ | y /j/ | ||||||
Lateral Approximant | l /l/ |
*allophone
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | Diphthongs | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i /i/ | u /u/ | ||
Near-Close | i/y /ɪ/ | o /ʊ/ | ||
Close-Mid | ei/ey /ej/ | |||
Mid | e [ə]* | |||
Open-Mid | e /ɛ/ | oi/oy /ɔɪ/ | ||
Near-Open | a [æ]* | |||
Open | a /a/ | ai/ay /aj/ |
*allophone
Grammar
Word Order
OVS, V2
Morphosyntactic Alignment
Ergative-Absolutive
Morphology
Analytic with a touch of Oligosynthetic. Lots of particles and adpositions used for aspect, mood, mode, and cases but verbs conjugate for tense (mostly) and nouns decline for a few basic cases.
Nouns
Absolutive | Ergative | Genitive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
goþ | goþwa | goþest | goþwest | goþyr | goþwyr |
stur | sturwa | sturest | sturwest | sturyr | sturwyr |
vent | ventwa | ventest | ventwest | ventyr | ventwyr |
vekna | veknaw | veknast | veknawst | veknayr | veknawyr |
sure | surew | surest | surewst | sureyr | surewyr |
Pronouns
Absolutive | Ergative | Genitive | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
First Person | on | onne | onest | onnest | onyr | onneyr |
Second Person | uð | uððe | uðest | uððest | uðyr | uððeyr |
Third Person | ta | itta | test | ittest | tayr | ittayr |
Zeroth Person | suþ | suþþe | suþest | suþþest | suþyr | suþþeyr |
Verbs
-ag | -ig | -og | -eg | ayg | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
eþag - to sleep | venig - to have | hadog - to want | waneg - to do | ayg - to be | ||||||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Present | eþ | eþwa | ven | venwi | had | hadwo | wan | wanwe | ay | aywi |
Perfect | eþat | eþact | venit | venict | hadot | hadoct | wanet | wanect | ayt | ayct |
Imperfect | ay eþat | ay eþact | ay venit | ay venict | ay hadot | ay hadoct | ay wanet | ay wanect | ay ayt | ay ayct |
Pluperfect | ayt eþat | ayct eþact | ayt venit | ayct venict | ayt hadot | ayct hadoct | ayt wanet | ayct wanect | ayt ayt | ayct ayct |
Future | eþwað | eþwaðy | venwið | venwiðy | hadoð | hadoðy | waneð | waneðy | ayð | ayðy |
Passive
The passive construction in Voþken uses the particle geh preceding a noun in the ablative case.
Comparison:
Active: Kyað onest voyat. I drank water.
Passive: Kyað geh on voyat. Water [was] drank by me.
Modal Particles
All modal particles precede the verb phrase
Particle | Expressing | Example | Translation |
---|---|---|---|
va | Advice | Uð va cwel. | You ought to run. |
ði | Logical Conclusion/Certainty | Kyað itta ði ay voyact | He must have drank the water. |
cwat | Polite Permission | On cwat sun? | Might I leave? |
ef | Ability | On ef cwel. | I can run. |
lo | Possibility | On lo noyk. | I could fall. |
veh | Probability | On veh sun. | I may leave. |
loy | Permission | Kyað onest loy voy? | May I drink the water? |
beg | Obligation | On beg sun. | I must leave. |
wyv | Partial Obligation | On wyv sun. | I should leave. |
Mood Particles
All mood particles proceed the main verb.
Negation
Negation of verbs in Voþken is done by using the negative particle þwi. This particle proceeds the verb to be negated.
Examples:
On ef cwel. I can run.
On ef cwel þwi. I cannot run.
Adjectives
Adverbs
Adpositions
Numbers
The number system of Voþken is a base 12 system that reaches up to 12^5 before numbers are just the recitation of digits.
Digit | Powers of 12 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12^0 | 12^1 | 12^2 | 12^3 | 12^4 | 12^5 | |
1 | gad | gadur | gadara | gadora | gadira | gadurþa |
2 | þes | þesur | þesara | þesora | þesira | þesurþa |
3 | an | anur | anara | anora | anira | anurþa |
4 | syk | sykur | sykara | sykora | sykira | sykurþa |
5 | wyk | wykur | wykara | wykora | wykira | wykurþa |
6 | vað | vaður | vaðara | vaðora | vaðira | vaðarþa |
7 | nesk | neskur | neskara | neskora | neskira | neskurþa |
8 | com | comur | comara | comora | comira | comurþa |
9 | pwa | pwar | pwara | pwaora | pwaira | pwarþa |
10 | syen | syenur | syenara | syenora | syenira | syenurþa |
11 | fwoyl | fwoylur | fwoylara | fwoylora | fwoylira | fwoylurþa |