Voþken: Difference between revisions
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===Mood Particles=== | ===Mood Particles=== | ||
All mood particles proceed the main verb so as to conclude the sentence. | All mood particles proceed the main verb so as to conclude the sentence. | ||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
!Particle | |||
!Mood | |||
!Example | |||
!Translation | |||
|- | |||
|''n/a'' | |||
|Indicative | |||
|Stur onest ask | |||
|I went home. | |||
|} | |||
===Negation=== | ===Negation=== | ||
Revision as of 16:29, 29 October 2017
| Voþken | |
|---|---|
| Voþken | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|ˈvɔθ.kɛn]] |
| Created by | iancgil |
| |
Introduction
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Post Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | ||||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | þ /θ/ | s /s/ | c /ʃ/ | h /x/ | ||
| voiced | v /v/ | ð /ð/ | s [z]* | |||||
| Approximant | r /ɹ/ | y /j/ | ||||||
| Lateral Approximant | l /l/ | |||||||
*allophone
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | Diphthongs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | u /u/ | ||
| Near-Close | i/y /ɪ/ | o /ʊ/ | ||
| Close-Mid | ei/ey /ej/ | |||
| Mid | e [ə]* | |||
| Open-Mid | e /ɛ/ | oi/oy /ɔɪ/ | ||
| Near-Open | a [æ]* | |||
| Open | a /a/ | ai/ay /aj/ |
*allophone
Grammar
Word Order
OVS, V2
Morphosyntactic Alignment
Ergative-Absolutive
Morphology
Analytic with a touch of Oligosynthetic. Lots of particles and adpositions used for aspect, mood, mode, and cases but verbs conjugate for tense (mostly) and nouns decline for a few basic cases.
Nouns
| Absolutive | Ergative | Genitive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| goþ | goþwa | goþest | goþwest | goþyr | goþwyr |
| stur | sturwa | sturest | sturwest | sturyr | sturwyr |
| vent | ventwa | ventest | ventwest | ventyr | ventwyr |
| vekna | veknaw | veknast | veknawst | veknayr | veknawyr |
| sure | surew | surest | surewst | sureyr | surewyr |
Pronouns
| Absolutive | Ergative | Genitive | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| First Person | on | onne | onest | onnest | onyr | onneyr |
| Second Person | uð | uððe | uðest | uððest | uðyr | uððeyr |
| Third Person | ta | itta | test | ittest | tayr | ittayr |
| Zeroth Person | suþ | suþþe | suþest | suþþest | suþyr | suþþeyr |
Verbs
| -ag | -ig | -og | -eg | ayg | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| eþag - to sleep | venig - to have | hadog - to want | waneg - to do | ayg - to be | ||||||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Present | eþ | eþwa | ven | venwi | had | hadwo | wan | wanwe | ay | aywi |
| Perfect | eþat | eþact | venit | venict | hadot | hadoct | wanet | wanect | ayt | ayct |
| Imperfect | ay eþat | ay eþact | ay venit | ay venict | ay hadot | ay hadoct | ay wanet | ay wanect | ay ayt | ay ayct |
| Pluperfect | ayt eþat | ayct eþact | ayt venit | ayct venict | ayt hadot | ayct hadoct | ayt wanet | ayct wanect | ayt ayt | ayct ayct |
| Future | eþwað | eþwaðy | venwið | venwiðy | hadoð | hadoðy | waneð | waneðy | ayð | ayðy |
Passive
The passive construction in Voþken uses the particle geh preceding a noun in the ablative case.
Comparison:
Active: Kyað onest voyat. I drank water.
Passive: Kyað geh on voyat. Water [was] drank by me.
Modal Particles
All modal particles precede the verb phrase
| Particle | Expressing | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| va | Advice | Uð va cwel. | You ought to run. |
| ði | Logical Conclusion/Certainty | Kyað itta ði ay voyact | He must have drank the water. |
| cwat | Polite Permission | On cwat sun? | Might I leave? |
| ef | Ability | On ef cwel. | I can run. |
| lo | Possibility | On lo noyk. | I could fall. |
| veh | Probability | On veh sun. | I may leave. |
| loy | Permission | Kyað onest loy voy? | May I drink the water? |
| beg | Obligation | On beg sun. | I must leave. |
| wyv | Partial Obligation | On wyv sun. | I should leave. |
Mood Particles
All mood particles proceed the main verb so as to conclude the sentence.
| Particle | Mood | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | Indicative | Stur onest ask | I went home. |
Negation
Negation of verbs in Voþken is done by using the negative particle þwi. This particle proceeds the verb to be negated.
Examples:
On ef cwel. I can run.
On ef cwel þwi. I cannot run.
Adjectives
Adverbs
Adpositions
Numbers
The number system of Voþken is a base 12 system that reaches up to 12^5 before numbers are just the recitation of digits.
| Digit | Powers of 12 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12^0 | 12^1 | 12^2 | 12^3 | 12^4 | 12^5 | |
| 1 | gad | gadur | gadara | gadora | gadira | gadurþa |
| 2 | þes | þesur | þesara | þesora | þesira | þesurþa |
| 3 | an | anur | anara | anora | anira | anurþa |
| 4 | syk | sykur | sykara | sykora | sykira | sykurþa |
| 5 | wyk | wykur | wykara | wykora | wykira | wykurþa |
| 6 | vað | vaður | vaðara | vaðora | vaðira | vaðarþa |
| 7 | nesk | neskur | neskara | neskora | neskira | neskurþa |
| 8 | com | comur | comara | comora | comira | comurþa |
| 9 | pwa | pwar | pwara | pwaora | pwaira | pwarþa |
| 10 | syen | syenur | syenara | syenora | syenira | syenurþa |
| 11 | fwoyl | fwoylur | fwoylara | fwoylora | fwoylira | fwoylurþa |