Haoli/Nouns: Difference between revisions

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==Regular Plurals==
==Regular Plurals==
Regular plural formation is used for the majority of words in Haoli and is used for all words who have multiple syllables in their root form.
Regular plural formation is used for the majority of words in Haoli and is used for all words who have multiple syllables in their root form. The -c suffix is used for nouns ending in vowels and the -Vc suffix is used for nouns ending in consonants. For the -Vc suffix, the vowel depends on the gender of the noun.
*-ec
 
*-c
'''-Vc Vowels:'''<br/>
*Neuter "i"
*Feminine "e"
*Masculine "a"
 
''Examples:''<br/>
fujak "animal" -> fujakec "animals"<br/>
arin "star" -> arinic "stars"<br/>
anat "gift" -> anatac "gifts"<br/>
aga "eye" -> agac "eyes"<br/>
eski "cube" -> eskic "cubes"<br/>


==Ablaut Plurals==
==Ablaut Plurals==

Revision as of 21:06, 20 November 2017

Gender

Gender in Haoli pertains to how nouns are declined and gender agreement for articles.

Neuter Endings

  • Words ending in i, o, þ, and c are always neuter.
  • Words ending in gh, n, r, j, l, lh, v, s, g, h, f, and ð are neuter when preceded by i or o.

Feminine Endings

  • Words ending in e, p, k, m, mh, and rh are always feminine.
  • Words ending in gh, n, r, j, l, lh, v, s, g, h, f, and ð are feminine when preceded by e.

Masculine Endings

  • Words ending in a, u, and nh are always masculine.
  • Words ending in gh, n, r, j, l, lh, v, s, g, h, f, and ð are masculine when preceded by a or u.

Root Form

The definition of the Haoli "root form" is the nominative singular form.

Plural Forms

Regular Plurals

Regular plural formation is used for the majority of words in Haoli and is used for all words who have multiple syllables in their root form. The -c suffix is used for nouns ending in vowels and the -Vc suffix is used for nouns ending in consonants. For the -Vc suffix, the vowel depends on the gender of the noun.

-Vc Vowels:

  • Neuter "i"
  • Feminine "e"
  • Masculine "a"

Examples:
fujak "animal" -> fujakec "animals"
arin "star" -> arinic "stars"
anat "gift" -> anatac "gifts"
aga "eye" -> agac "eyes"
eski "cube" -> eskic "cubes"

Ablaut Plurals

Ablaut plurals are a much smaller subset of nouns. All ablaut plurals have a single syllable in their root form but not all single syllable root nouns are ablaut plurals.

  • o > e
  • a > i
  • e > ej
  • u > aj

Examples:
sar "island" -> sir "islands"
ðeg "book" -> ðejg "books"
ghoþ "scripture" -> gheþ "scriptures"
kuk "place" -> kajk "places"

Mass Plurals

Mass plurals are formed by adding the -fen suffix to the root form of the noun.

Examples:
vatas "body of water" -> vatasfen "waters"
tul "wind gust" -> tulfen "wind"

Cases

Basic Cases

Class of Case Case English Approximation Neuter Feminine Masculine
Singular Plural Mass Plural Singular Plural Mass Plural Singular Plural Mass Plural
Grammatical Nominative cat
Accusative cat
Non-Grammatical Dative for/because of the cat
Malefactive against/opposed to the cat
Adverbial cattily
Vocative Cat (name)
Contrastive as compared to the cat
Genitive of cat/about cat/cat's

Oblique

Class of Case Case English Approximation Neuter Feminine Masculine
Singular Plural Mass Plural Singular Plural Mass Plural Singular Plural Mass Plural
Oblique Translative to being a cat
Exessive from being a cat
Essive as being a cat/like a cat
Instrumental by use of the cat/with cat
Prolative by way of the cat

Locative

Class of Case Case English Approximation Neuter Feminine Masculine
Singular Plural Mass Plural Singular Plural Mass Plural Singular Plural Mass Plural
Internal Locative Inessive inside the cat
Hyperessive deep inside the cat
Illative into the cat
Hyperlative deep into the cat
Elative from inside the cat
Hyper-elative from deep inside the cat
Supraperlative throughout the cat
Hyperlative all throughout the cat
Perlative through the cat
Traversal Locative Lative towards the cat, catbound
Superlative onto the cat
Prosecutive along the cat
Terminative until the cat (is reached)
Exodal Locative Ablative away from the cat
Antessive far from the cat
Delative off/down from the cat
Eblative (sourced) from the cat
Relational Locative Superessive on (top of) the cat
Supraessive above/over the cat
Comitative (together) with the cat
Pertingent touching/adjacent to the cat
Apudessive next to/beside the cat
Enclosive on either side of the cat
Forbative in front of the cat
Locative nearby/not far from the cat
Bative behind the cat
Transversive beyond the cat
Circumfrentive surrounded by cat
Situative wrapped in cat
Abessive without the cat
Intrative between the cat
Subessive under the cat

Temporal

Class of Case Case English Approximation Neuter Feminine Masculine
Singular Plural Mass Plural Singular Plural Mass Plural Singular Plural Mass Plural
Temporal Temporal at the time of the cat
Temporal-Lative since the time of the cat
Temporal-Hyper-Transversive long after the time of the cat
Temporal-Terminative up until the time of the cat
Temporal-Hyperbative long before the time of the cat