Haoli/Nouns

Gender

Gender in Haoli pertains to how nouns are declined and gender agreement for articles.

Neuter Endings

• Words ending in i, o, þ, and c are always neuter.
• Words ending in gh, n, r, j, l, lh, v, s, g, h, f, and ð are neuter when preceded by i or o.

Feminine Endings

• Words ending in e, p, k, m, mh, and rh are always feminine.
• Words ending in gh, n, r, j, l, lh, v, s, g, h, f, and ð are feminine when preceded by e.

Masculine Endings

• Words ending in a, u, and nh are always masculine.
• Words ending in gh, n, r, j, l, lh, v, s, g, h, f, and ð are masculine when preceded by a or u.

Root Form

The definition of the Haoli "root form" is the nominative singular form.

Plural Forms

Regular Plurals

Regular plural formation is used for the majority of words in Haoli and is used for all words who have multiple syllables in their root form. The -c suffix is used for nouns ending in vowels and the -Vc suffix is used for nouns ending in consonants. For the -Vc suffix, the vowel depends on the gender of the noun.

-Vc Vowels:

• Neuter "i"
• Feminine "e"
• Masculine "a"

Examples:
fujak "animal" > fujakec "animals"
arin "star" > arinic "stars"
anat "gift" > anatac "gifts"
aga "eye" > agac "eyes"
eski "cube" > eskic "cubes"

Ablaut Plurals

Ablaut plurals are a much smaller subset of nouns. All ablaut plurals have a single syllable in their root form but not all single syllable root nouns are ablaut plurals.

• o > e
• a > i
• e > ej
• u > aj

Examples:
sar "island" > sir "islands"
ðeg "book" > ðejg "books"
ghoþ "scripture" > gheþ "scriptures"
kuk "place" > kajk "places"

Mass Plurals

Mass plurals are formed by adding the -fen suffix to the root form of the noun.

Examples:
vatas "body of water" -> vatasfen "waters"
tul "wind gust" -> tulfen "wind"

Cases

Basic Cases

Class of Case	Case	English Approximation	Neuter	Feminine	Masculine
Grammatical	Nominative	cat
	Accusative	cat
Non-Grammatical	Dative	for/because of the cat
	Malefactive	against/opposed to the cat
	Adverbial	cattily
	Vocative	Cat (name)
	Contrastive	as compared to the cat
	Genitive	of cat/about cat/cat's

Oblique

Class of Case	Case	English Approximation	Neuter			Feminine			Masculine
			Singular	Plural	Mass Plural	Singular	Plural	Mass Plural	Singular	Plural	Mass Plural
Oblique	Translative	to being a cat
	Exessive	from being a cat
	Essive	as being a cat/like a cat
	Instrumental	by use of the cat/with cat
	Prolative	by way of the cat

Locative

Class of Case	Case	English Approximation	Neuter			Feminine			Masculine
			Singular	Plural	Mass Plural	Singular	Plural	Mass Plural	Singular	Plural	Mass Plural
Internal Locative	Inessive	inside the cat
	Hyperessive	deep inside the cat
	Illative	into the cat
	Hyperlative	deep into the cat
	Elative	from inside the cat
	Hyper-elative	from deep inside the cat
	Supraperlative	throughout the cat
	Hyperlative	all throughout the cat
	Perlative	through the cat
Traversal Locative	Lative	towards the cat, catbound
	Superlative	onto the cat
	Prosecutive	along the cat
	Terminative	until the cat (is reached)
Exodal Locative	Ablative	away from the cat
	Antessive	far from the cat
	Delative	off/down from the cat
	Eblative	(sourced) from the cat
Relational Locative	Superessive	on (top of) the cat
	Supraessive	above/over the cat
	Comitative	(together) with the cat
	Pertingent	touching/adjacent to the cat
	Apudessive	next to/beside the cat
	Enclosive	on either side of the cat
	Forbative	in front of the cat
	Locative	nearby/not far from the cat
	Bative	behind the cat
	Transversive	beyond the cat
	Circumfrentive	surrounded by cat
	Situative	wrapped in cat
	Abessive	without the cat
	Intrative	between the cat
	Subessive	under the cat

Temporal

Class of Case	Case	English Approximation	Neuter			Feminine			Masculine
			Singular	Plural	Mass Plural	Singular	Plural	Mass Plural	Singular	Plural	Mass Plural
Temporal	Temporal	at the time of the cat
	Temporal-Lative	since the time of the cat
	Temporal-Hyper-Transversive	long after the time of the cat
	Temporal-Terminative	up until the time of the cat
	Temporal-Hyperbative	long before the time of the cat