User:IlL/Spare pages 1/45

User:IlL/Spare pages 1/45/Lexicon
User:IlL/Spare pages 1/45/Swadesh list

IlL/Spare pages 1/45 (Wiobem-Nkahn or colloquially Wiob-Nkahn) is one of the major languages of Bjeheond.

ßan, eir, buhz, jåhnß, ßeng, zühnt, ntöü, nuot, ngiat, råht [san, eir, ɓuːc, jɔːⁿs, ˈseŋ, cyːⁿt, ⁿdøy, nuət, ŋiat, rɔːt]

ma = negative

nkelei Piontels tur Bojels. = I speak of love and hate.

Idea

A "Sinospheric Finnish", or "Chinese with cases"

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Medial Velar Lab.vel. Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ń /ɲ/ ng /ŋ/
Plosive voiceless p /p/ t /t/ z /c/ k /k/ qu /kʷ/
prenasalized mp /ᵐb/ nt /ⁿd/ ńz /ᶮɟ/ nk /ᵑg/ nqu /ᵑgʷ/
voiced b /b/ d /d/ ɟ /ɟ/ g /g/
Fricative plain f /f~v/ ß /s~z/
þ /θ~ð/
s /ç~ʝ/ h /h/
prenasalized mf /ᵐv/ /ⁿz/
Liquid r /r/; l /l/ ŕ /ɹ/
Approximant j /j/ w /w/
Notes
  • Voiceless plosives are not aspirated.
  • /ᵐb ⁿd ᶮɟ ᵑg/ devoice to [ᵐp ⁿt ᶮc ᵑk] word-finally.
  • /b d ɟ/ are often realized as implosives.
  • The fricatives ß s g are voiced intervocalically.

Vowels

IlL/Spare pages 1/45 has short and long versions of the following monophthongs (except for /ə/ which only occurs in unstressed syllables). Long vowels are marked with a following h.

  Front Central Back
Close i /i/ ü /y/ u /u/
Close-mid e /e/ ö /ø/ o /o/
Mid (e /ə/)
Open-mid ä /ɛ/ å /ɔ/
Open a /a/

Diphthongs: ai au ei öü ou ia ie io iu üö uo

Prosody

Stress

Most of the time, the stress falls on the first syllable. Exceptions are verb prefixes and sesquisyllables.

Intonation

Phonotactics

The syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)s, where V can be a vowel or a diphthong.

Morphology

Nouns

Nßäht 'tree'
Nominative Nßäht
Genitive Nßähtem
Illative Nßähter
Inessive Nßähtel
Elative Nßähtels
Allative/Dative Nßähtene
Adessive Nßähten
Ablative Nßähtens
Instrumental/Comitative Nßähtemp
Essive Nßähtezz
Translative Nßähtenk
Abessive Nßähtmakk

Plurals are formed with nto-, so: Ntonßäht (trees), Ntonßähtem (of trees), ...

Old IlL/Spare pages 1/45 used -er as an accusative and -el for both the illative and inessive.

Article

The equivalent of the definite article in IlL/Spare pages 1/45 is a classifier (as in Hmong), but it's placed after the noun and carries the case marker. The noun before a classifier is prescriptively in the genitive case, but it's often dropped.

  • Nßäht koþem (presc. and in older IlL/Spare pages 1/45 Nßähtem koþem) 'of the tree'
  • Nßähtem 'of a tree'

Pronouns

Pronouns
Singular Plural
1 nkohz tahs
2 mei wäll
3 mpa (animate), mpi (inanimate)

Case suffixes attach to nkuo-, tah-, mei-, and wäh- respectively: nkuom Mpahng = my hand nkuols = from me; about me

Verbs

Subject affixes

Subject affixes
Singular Plural
1 nke- te-
2 en- le-
3 -

These are really clitic forms of pronouns. So for example nkelei has the same connotation as nkohz lei, but nkohz nkelei is emphatic, like saying "Myself, I speak".

Verbs otherwise don't inflect.

Action nouns are formed with the suffix -(e)me, from the genitive clitic followed by an eroded form of ion (to do). For example: Leime = speaking

Derivational morphology

Syntax

The unmarked word order in IlL/Spare pages 1/45 is SVO. Due to the influence of Tsjoen, Modern IlL/Spare pages 1/45 is quite strict about it (though objects could be fronted for emphasis).

Serial verbs are also common in IlL/Spare pages 1/45; all verbs but the last in a serial verb chain are in the ablative.

Mpa fiuntens lei = He came and spoke.