Rílin
Rílin is a constructed language created by Margaret Ransdell-Green. It is an a priori, naturalistic fictional conlang, spoken by the Ríli who inhabit the world of Aeniith. It is an agglutinative and fusional language, with a split-ergative verbal alignment system. Word order typically VSO. It is suffixing, has prepositions, a case system for nouns, two noun classes, and a complex system of pronominal verbal endings, which indicate tense, aspect, mode, person, number, clusivity (for 1st person plurals), and three degrees of formality.
Phonology
This phonology is of the Sunuli dialect of Rílin, which is spoken by the group of Ríli who maintained their civilization above ground after the Flight, when the group known as the Lunauli retreated into the denser forests and underground caverns. The Sunuli, by contrast, remained in their original settlements and took up war with the Tosi who had been attacking them for four years. After the first two centuries of cultural and linguistic separation, the Rílin language began to split off into to two mutually intelligible but phonemically and syntactically distinct dialects. The focus of this overview is the Sunuli dialect, but some comparative phonology with Lunauli will be presented.
Phonemic Inventory
Rílin has a fairly large inventory of both consonants (29) and vowels (13). Consonants occur at nine places of articulation and in seven manners of articulation, contrasting voiced vs. voiceless phonemes. Most places and manners of articulation have both a voiced and voiceless version.
| Labial | Labio-dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | p b | t d | k g | q | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||||||
| Fricative | ɸ β | f v | s z | ʃ | ʂ ʐ | x ɣ | h | ||
| Approximate | w | j | |||||||
| Lateral Approximate | l | ʟ | |||||||
| Lateral Fricative | ɬ | ||||||||
| Tap | ɾ |
Vowels
i ɪ y e ɛ ø æ ɑ~a ɔ o ʌ ɯ u
Diphthongs
Diphthongs are not very common in Rílin, but they do occur. Of the following, /ai/ and /oi/ are probably the most common.
ai ei oi ɔi ui yi ʌi
All other vowel combinations do not make phonemic diphthongs (e.g. the name Lunauli) (though they may do so phonetically). In Rílin orthography, diphthongs are written as a sequence of two individual vowels.
Consonantal Minimal Pairs
awu ‘upright’
aɣu 'blind'
aʟu/ 'machete'
uga 'douɡh'
uxa 'axe'
uʟa ‘old woman’
uka ‘companion’
uqa ‘piglet’
da ‘rock’
ɾa ‘cunning’
sa ‘deep’
ʂa ‘supply’
za ‘prostitute’
ʃa ‘petal’
ʐa ‘blizzard’
ta ‘face’
na ‘shame’
la ‘sorrow’
ɬa ‘swing’
pa ‘wrap’
ma ‘mother’
fa ‘cotton’
ɸa ‘breeze’
va ‘corset’
βa ‘energy’
ba ‘father’
wa ‘stretch’
iha ‘plan’
iʔa ‘insect’
imo 'eyelash'
ino 'color'
iŋo 'sugar'
ke ‘hand’
kɛ ‘lettuce’
ko ‘intend’
kɔ ‘tilt the head’
ɾe ‘hot’
ɾɛ ‘write’
ʂy ‘sorrow’
ʃy ‘be.NPRES’
Vowel Minimal Pairs
mi ‘girl’
mɪ ‘jealous’
me ‘row’
mɛ ‘thin’
ma ‘mother’
mæ ‘snarl’ (v.)
mo ‘oh really?’
mɔ ‘pan’
mø ‘device’
mɯ ‘indistinct’
mu ‘core, heart’
mʌ ‘duckling’
mai ‘free’
mei ‘bright yellow’
moi ‘deceit’
mɔi ‘weaving’
mʌi ‘drip’ (v.)
myi ‘smooth’
Phonotactics
All clusters, codas, etc. refer to possibilities applied to individual syllables, not words. The syllable’s position in the word is irrelevant, except for /ʔ/ and /ʟ/, which can only occur in an intervocalic position.
Syllable structure
CV, V CVC, VC(C), C(C)V(V)(C)
Possible codas: nasals, voiceless sibilants, voiceless stops (except ʔ) (n m ŋ s ʂ ʃ p t k q)
Consonant clusters: Complex onsets that are allowed are as follows.
Voiceless stop + voiceless sibilant: (ps-, pʃ-, pʂ-, ts-, tʃ-, tʂ-, ks-, kʃ-, kʂ)
Examples:
/’psiɬut/ ‘blood’ /’pʃɪʂʌ/ ‘profession’ /pʂa/ ‘throw’
/’tsæu/ ‘shawl’ /’tʃæni/ ‘expression’ /’tʂʌɬʌ/ ‘election’
/’ksata/ ‘bind’ /kʃɛt/ ‘tight’ /kʂɯ/ ‘warmth exuded from light’
Voiceless stop: (not q or ʔ) + ɾ: (kɾ-, tɾ-, pɾ-)
Examples /’kɾaiŋa/ ‘bite’ /’tɾofo/ ‘build’ /pɾɛ/ ‘attention, care’
p + t; p + k
/pta/ ‘should, must’ /pko/ ‘tail’
Complex codas:
Complex codas can consist of a nasal plus any voiceless sibilant, and any voiceless stop (except q and ʔ) plus any voiceless sibilant. Often these complex codas will not appear on syllables that are not word-final. Most occurrences of these clusters exist in monosyllable, monomorphemic words.
n, m, ŋ+ ʂ, s, ʃ | p, t, k + ʂ, s, ʃ
/mems/ ‘year, cycle’ /mʌts/ ‘poor, broke’ /nins/ ‘back (of)’ /tæŋs/ ‘worry’ /xuns/ ‘wide’
A very small number of archaic words have retained pf-. In most cases, Old Rílin pf- became Modern Rílin ɸ-. Some varieties of Rílin may use ɸ- exclusively on the below words.
/pfo/ ‘white’
/pfai/ ‘jab’
/pfo’kala/ ‘pale stripe of skin down the back of all Ríli’
All vowels may appear in sequence with each other, but it is uncommon rare to have a sequence of more than two within the same morpheme especially if they are not separated by a semi-vowel. Across morpheme boundaries, it is more common, such as in words like /dao-ø/ ‘to my maternal grandfather’ or /sou-ɛs/ ‘guiltiness (erg.)’.
In the concatenation of different morphemes, phonotactics also prevent the sequence of certain phonemes that otherwise may occur in a monomorphemic word. For instance, /-tɾ-/ can occur across or within syllable boundaries in a monomorphemic word, such as /’ʃut.ɾe/ ‘animal’ or /’win.tɾa/ ‘elbow’. However, with the attachment of any bound morphemes, this sequence does not exist. Consider the bound derivational suffix -ɾa, which can act as both a gerund suffix for verbs or as a nominal suffix indicating an abstract quality related to X, with X being the free morpheme to which it is attached. When the free morpheme ends in a voiceless alveolar stop (/t/), the /ɾ/ of the -ɾa suffix is deleted.
/ɛlisɛt/ ‘goddess’
/ɛlisɛt - ɾa/ ‘goddesshood’
[ɛlisɛt-a]
This deletion does not occur after other final stops -p, -k, -q, nor does it occur after final -s. After -ʃ and -ʂ, however, there is deletion.
natʃæk ‘stubborn’ → natʃæk-ɾa ‘stubbornness’
geis ‘brown’ → geis-ɾa ‘brownness’
salɪs ‘content’ → salɪs-ɾa ‘contentedness’
zɛʂ ‘dry’ → zɛʂ-a ‘dryness’
oʃ ‘young’ → oʃ-a ‘youth’
Allophonic Rules
1. Lateral Fricativization
/l/ → [ɬ] / [t] __
A lateral approximate becomes a voiceless fricative after /t/
Ex.: /den’tsutla/ 'amber' → [den’tsutɬa]
2. Palatal Fricativization
/j/ → [ʝ] / V__V
A palatal approximate becomes a voiced palatal fricative between two vowels.
Ex.: /’æja/ 'song' → [‘æʝa]
3. Fronting of glottal fricative
/h/ → [ç] / __ [+hi -bk +syl]
A voiceless glottal fricative becomes a voiceless palatal fricative when before a high front vowel.
Ex.: /'histæ/ 'avoid' → ['çistæ]
4. Final stop aspiration
/-voice -cont/ → [+ aspirated] / __ #
A voiceless stop becomes aspirated at the end of a word.
Ex.: /zuk/ ‘weak’ → [zukʰ]
5. Vowel lowering and centralization
/+hi -bk +syl/ → [-hi -bk +syl] q __
A high front vowel becomes centralized and lowered when following /q/.
Ex.: /’biqɪ/ 'ugly' → [‘biqï̝]
6. Glottal fricative voicing
/h/ → [ɦ] / [+syl] __ [+syl]
A voiceless glottal fricative becomes voiced between two vowels.
Ex.: /’buhi/ 'word' → [‘buɦi]
7. Lengthening of tense vowels
/+tense +syl/ → [+long] / __ #
A tense vowel becomes long at the end of a word.
Ex.: /’biʔe/ 'problem' → [‘biʔeː]
8. Nasal lateralization
N → [l] / __ /l/
A nasal consonant becomes a lateral approximate when preceding another lateral approximate.
Ex.: /joɛ’kunla/ 'alveolar ridge' → [joɛ’kulla]
9. Vowel nasalization V → [+nasalized] / __ N
A vowel becomes nasalized when preceding a nasal consonant.
Ex.: /’jɛntoi/ 'easy' → [‘jɛ̃ntoi]
10. Nasal place assimilation
N → [α. + velar β. + alveolar γ. + bilabial] / __ [-cont α. + velar β. + alveolar γ. + bilabial]
A nasal consonant assimilates in place of articulation to a following stop.
Ex.: /ʐyse’zyŋse/ 'sick' → [ʐyse’zynse]
11. Final vowel centralization
/ʌ/ → [ə] / __ #
A mid-low back unrounded vowel becomes centralized to a schwa at the end of a word.
Ex.: /’biqʌ/ 'bad' → [‘biqɘ]
12. Alveolar tap assimilation
/ɾ/ → [+retroflex +cont] / [+retroflex +cont] __
An alveolar tap becomes a retroflex fricative when after another retroflex fricative.
Ex.: /’pɪʂɾai/ ‘sp. of small freshwater fish’ → [‘pɪʂʂai]
13. Velar approximation
/ɣ/ → [ɰ] / /ɯ/ __
A voiced velar fricative becomes a velar approximate when following a high back unrounded vowel.
Ex.: /ʽlɛɣɯa/ ‘ghastly’ → [‘lɛɰɯa]
14. Alveolar stop affricativization
/t/ → /tʃ] / __ /j/
A voiceless alveolar stop becomes a post-alveolar affricate when preceding palatal approximate.
Ex.: /ʽtjaβɛ/ ‘understandably’ → [‘tʃaβɛ]
15. Stop voicing assimilation
/+voice -syl/ → [-voice] / [-voice -syl] __
Ex.: /’besga/ ‘digusting person’ → [‘beska]
Stress Rules
Stress typically falls on the penultimate syllable of the word. There are exceptions, however, in which stress falls on the antepenultimate.
mu'labɛɾɛ 'helpful'
'naɾɪdo 'cleanliness'
'nɛɾɛkʌ 'abdicate'
'nɛspɛa 'whisper
nʌ'ɬatɛtiŋ 'snowflake'
ʃe'atɛpa 'cop a feel'
suilɛda 'prison'
tɛ'nɛpɾɛa 'irritate'
'tsɛpɛɾɛ 'marble'
'ʌndɛɾɯ 'code of honor between a guest and host'
'xɛxɛɾu 'massacre'
'mɛmtɪa 'peer at'
'egɪda 'older woman'
'mɯtɛtiŋ 'faraway place'
'mɪppɔky 'attempt'
'mɛmtɪdo 'awareness'
'lɛɣɯa 'ghastly'
'iskɛdo 'height'
'daɣɯra 'empathy'
'bɛɾɛbu 'if you please'
'bɛptɔa 'recover'
'ændɛu 'k.o. tree'.
Historical Rílin Sound Changes in Vowels
In Proto-Rílin, there were two phonemically distinguishable vowel lengths, long and short. The vowels i, e, a, o, and u had both long and short versions. When the ancestral Rílin language transformed into modern Rílin, the vowels shifted. Short vowels became lax in the case of the high- and mid-front vowels (i, e), unrounded in the case of the high- and mid- back vowels (o, u), and the low back vowel became more front. ø was pushed back and became ʌ (causing a merger of ø and o). ə became ɛ. The long vowels simply became short versions of themselves.
i → ɪ
iː → i
ə → ɛ
e → ɛ
eː → e
o → ʌ
ø → ʌ
oː → o
u → ɯ
uː → u
a → æ
aː → a
There were also three diphthongs in the earlier Rílin which became monothongs in modern Rílin.
au → ɔ
ju → y
eu → ø
In Lunauli, ɔ became merged with a and is no longer a distinguishable phoneme.
(N.B. In the word “Lunauli”, and other words with the a + u combination, this sequence is not considered a phonemic diphthong but rather a sequence of two separate phonemes, a and u. This applies to all words in either modern Rílin dialect with a + u, j + u, or e + u combinations.)
Histaxa Dialectal Differences
/æ/ vs /a/
Some speaker populations, such as that around the Histaxa fields region, pronounce /æ/ as [a]. Some in these groups pronounce /æ/ as a more back vowel but not as far back as the standard phonemic /a/, so it is possible that the two phonemes /æ/ and /a/ have not split for either group. In other groups around the same area, /a/ has come to be pronounced [ɑ] or [ɒ] to differentiate between /æ/ which has come to be pronounced as [a], created a chain shift. No other vowels are shifted in these dialects, so it is not a systemic change.