Glommish

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Glommish
þiúsk
Pronunciation	[/θʲuːsk/]
Created by	IlL
Setting	an alt-Earth
Native to	Niúþiúdland
Native speakers	90 million (2015)
Language family	Indo-European Germanic Old Thedish Glommish

Glommish (THEED-ish; natively þe þiúske rarde /θə ˈθʲuːskə ra:[retroflex d]ə/; from Proto-Thedic *þiudьskъ) is a Germanic language which was historically spoken in parts of Southern Italy and Tunisia but is now mostly spoken by diaspora populations in North America and Brazil. It's from a fourth branch of West Germanic (i.e. not Ingvaeonic, Istvaeonic or Irminonic). Its speakers are called Thedes (þiúsken). Glommish is intended to have a pseudo-Irish and pseudo-Slavic aesthetic.

TODO

sources of loans: Latin, Greek, Arabic, English

Look at OE/Dutch for more vr- words

Try to express things with Germanic roots, but without calquing

Dutchify the grammar

Simplify some consonant clusters like a few cht's?

Introduce random sound changes in the evolution of Thedish, e.g.

• PWGmc *gardaz -> gerdaz -> żard

Should be a koiné

History

A somewhat controversial Simon Stevin-like figure who reformed the language, by essentially creating and promoting his own dialect of Thedish (which eventually turned into modern American Thedish dialects) -- he was a scholar of Germanic philology and invented coinages based on Old English and Old Dutch; he also published a dictionary of the ancient Langobardic language

Orthography

Native script

Thedish today uses an alphabetic writing system inspired by the Arabic script, written from right to left but with a Latin aesthetic. It was devised by Andrie Hóchenhym.

There was a traditional Roman orthography which was historically used in Italy; spelling was very unsystematic and there were sometimes many different glyphs for the same sound (for instance, at least five different glyphs are attested for þ), and vice versa (e.g. final -i mostly denoted both palatalization and -ie, but -ie was sometimes written -ii for disambiguation). In North Africa, the most common writing system for Thedish was the Arabic abjad. Today, the latter is used for ceremonial purposes.

Phonology

Glommish phonology is characterized by retroflexion and pairs of hard and soft consonants.

Consonants

		Labial		Dental/Alveolar		Lateral		Postalveolar	Velar		Glottal
		hard	soft	hard	soft	hard	soft		soft	hard
Nasal		m m	mь mʲ	n n̪	nь nʲ
Stop	voiceless	p p	pь pʲ	t t̪	tь tʲ				kь kʲ	k k	(ʔ)
	voiced	b b	bь bʲ	d d̪	dь dʲ				gь gʲ	g g
Fricative	voiceless	f f	fь fʲ	s s	sь sʲ	þ θˠ~ðˠ	þь θʲ~ðʲ	cz~sz ʃ	chь, hь ç	ch x	h h
	voiced	v v	vь vʲ	z z	zь zʲ			ż ʒ
Resonant				r ɾ	rь ɾʲ	l ɫ	lь lʲ		j j

/ʃ, ʒ, ʃ/ are soft alternants of /k, g, x/ in native Glommish. /kʲ, gʲ, ts, tsʲ/ are mainly found in foreign loans.

Voiceless stops are aspirated unless after /s/, as in English and German.

Final /b(ʲ) d(ʲ) g(ʲ)/ are most often devoiced: dag [dak] 'day'.

Word-final or preconsonantal /p(ʲ) t(ʲ) ts(ʲ) tʃ k(ʲ)/ undergo preaspiration, but not prevocalic /p(ʲ) t(ʲ) ts(ʲ) tʃ k(ʲ)/: e.g. nat [naht] 'wet', but nate hiár [natə çɑːr] 'wet hair'. Final t may be reduced to [h].

Orthographical notes:

• The ь is replaced with an i when followed by a vowel (the i is pronounced as palatalization).
• The soft sign ь and the palatalizing i soften every consonant in the cluster that precede it by default. (However, consonants do not soften before cz, ż, sz, and velars k, g, ch do not soften.) The hard sign ъ prevents the softening of consonants to the left of the hard sign.

Notes

• Hard /θ/ is strongly velarized [θˠ~ðˠ]; the voicing alternation is conditioned by whether it is a stressed onset. Soft /θʲ/ may be [θ~ð].
• Hard /ɾ/ is generally a retroflex approximant or flap. It retroflexes alveolars that follow it, as in Swedish and Norwegian; when this retroflexion happens, it compensatorily lengthens the preceding vowel.
• Soft /ɾʲ/ may be [r̝] like Czech ř.
• For younger speakers of Thedish in New York, the distinction between broad and slender is neutralized in labials and alveolars. Furthermore, slender t d n are pronounced as in Polish ć dź ń, and broad v is pronounced /w/.

Vowels

There are five phonemic vowel qualities with length. y y can be considered non-palatalizing allophones of i í.

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i /ɪ/	í /iː/	(y /ɨ/)	(y /ɨi/)	u /ʊ/	ú /uː/
Mid	e /ɛ/	é /eː/	(e [ə])		o /ɔ/	ó /oː/
Open			a /a/			á /ɑː/

Word-initially i and í are pronounced [jɪ] and [jiː].

Dialects

Different Thedish dialects mainly vary in grammar and vocabulary, and extent of English influence.

• Connecticut Thedish
• New York Thedish
  • Younger New York Thedish (not quite an English accent of Thedish, it underwent its own peculiar changes)
• a Thedish-English creole

Morphology

Nouns

Like German, Glommish has 4 cases (kázuse or fále):

• Nominative (nominatív, forfál)
• Accusative (akuzatív, fanfál)
• Dative (datív, famfál)
• Genitive (żenitív, fizfál)

However, nominative and accusative are only distinguished in pronouns. There are two genders, masculine (mánlik) and feminine (vívlik); the neuter has merged with the masculine.

• The dative plural always ends in -em.
• The genitive plural always ends in -en.
• Nouns with the nominative plural in -er are always feminine. The converse is usually true except for a few nouns.
• For the masculine genitive singular, -es is used if the final consonant is t, d, s, z, þ or their soft counterparts. Otherwise -s is used.

Articles

Glommish uses the indefinite article a and the definite article þe.

Definite article

case	singular		plural
	m.	f.
nom.	þe	þí	þí
dat.	þem	þier; þím (inanimate, Connecticut dialectal)	þím
gen.	þes	þier	þier

Indefinite article

case	singular
	m.	f.
nom.	a, an	ne
dat.	nem	ner; nem (inanimate, Connecticut dialectal)
gen.	nes	ner

Before vowels, an is used instead of a.

þiz 'this'

case	singular		plural
	m.	f.
nom.	þiz	þize	þize
dat.	þizem	þizer; þizem (inanimate, Connecticut dialectal)	þizem
gen.	þizes	þizer	þizer

Declined likewise are:

• jín 'that'
• ál 'all'
• ylьk 'one's respective'
• the possessive determiners mín; þín; is; jar; unsier, unsь-; úrer, úr-; jar; sín

Masculine consonant nouns

The genitive plural -n was generalized from masculine n-stem nouns.

vulf (m.) 'wolf'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	þe vulf	þí vulfe
Dative	þem vulf	þím vulfem
Genitive	þes vulfs	þier vulfen

bazь (m.) 'berry'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	þe bazь	þí bazie
Dative	þem bazь	þím baziem
Genitive	þes bazies	þier bazien

sun (m.) 'son'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	þe sun	þí sunie
Dative	þem sun	þím suniem
Genitive	þes suns	þier sunien

n-stems

Declined like attributive adjectives. These nouns are masculine, except for nominalized feminine adjectives.

name (m.) 'name'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	þe name	þí namen
Dative	þem namenь	þím namem
Genitive	þes namenь	þier namen

Also: andie 'end', ave 'river', biare 'bear', funie 'fire', fytie 'wheat', hiarte 'heart', knave 'servant', mage 'throat', óge 'eye', óre 'ear', szúe 'sky', ukse 'ox', vatie 'water', yriene 'copper'. [ave can also be declined like a feminine noun.]

some Latin and Greek -ō names become n-stems, like "Apóle"

Feminine nouns

Nouns of this declension type are always feminine in modern Glommish. Nouns with certain suffixes like -eng (deverbal noun) or -hyd (abstract noun) and loanwords that were feminine in the source language also belong in this class.

naze (f.) 'nose'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	þí naze	þí nazer
Dative	þier naze	þím nazem
Genitive	þier nazer	þier nazen

miark (f.) 'girl'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	þí miark	þí miarker
Dative	þier miark	þím miarkem
Genitive	þier miarker	þier miarken

óre (f.) 'clock'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	þí óre	þí órer
Dative	þier óre	þím órem
Genitive	þier órer	þier óren

Note: not to be confused with the masculine n-stem noun þe óre 'ear'.

starcze (f.) 'strength, starch'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	þí starcze	þí starczer
Dative	þier starcze	þím starczem
Genitive	þier starczer	þier starczen

útriakneng (f.) 'bottom line, result'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	þí útriakneng	þí útriaknenger
Dative	þier útriakneng	þím útriaknengem
Genitive	þier útriaknenger	þier útriaknengen

hond (f.) 'hand'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	þí hond	þí hondier
Dative	þier hond	þím hondiem
Genitive	þier honder	þier hondien

Grab bag

mán (m.) 'man'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	þe mán	þí mánier
Dative	þem mán	þím mánem
Genitive	þes máns	þier mánen

r-stem: fadier (m.) 'father'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	þe fadier	þí fadrie
Dative	þem fadrie	þím fadriem
Genitive	þes fadiers	þier fadrien

Also: bráþier 'brother'.

r-stem: mádier (f.) 'mother'
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	þí mádier	þí mádrier
Dative	þier mádier	þím mádriem
Genitive	þier mádrier	þier mádrien

Also: sviestier 'sister', duchtier 'daughter'.

Adjectives

Declension

Predicative adjectives use the bare stem.

For attributive adjectives, the following declension is used regardless of gender or definiteness (the following is the declension of hóch 'high, tall'):

Attributive declension for hard-stem adjectives

case	singular	plural
nom.	a/þe hóche mán ne/þí hóche piane	(þí) hóchen mánier (þí) hóchen pianer
dat.	nem/þem hóchenь mán ner/þier hóchenь piane	(þím) hóchem mánem (þím) hóchem pianem
gen.	nes/þes hóchenь máns ner/þier hóchenь pianer	(þier) hóchen mánen (þier) hóchen pianen

Soft-stem adjectives such as skónь 'beautiful' are declined similarly.

Attributive declension for soft-stem adjectives

case	singular	plural
nom.	skónie	skónien
dat.	skónienь	skóniem
gen.	skónienь	skónien

Bare attributive adjectives are sometimes used as nouns.

Degree

The comparative and superlative are formed with the suffixes -ier and -ьst (k, g, ch + -ьst > -czest, -żest, -szest; cz, ż, sz + -ьst > -czest, -żest, -szest; d/t/z/s + -ьst > d/t/z/s + -iest): svát, svátier, svátiest 'sweet, sweeter, sweetest'.

Predicate forms for superlatives are rare: usually þe/þí X-ste is used predicatively. Example: Mín tat isь þe baste = 'My dad is the best'. When used adverbially, superlatives use -ьst.

Other degree words:

svinþ = 'very'

tá = 'too'

jám X als = 'as X as'

X-ier nisь = 'more X than'

þe/þí X-ьste av = 'the most X of'

þe/þí ál-X-ьste or þe/þí X-ьste av álem = 'the most X of all'

miénier X = 'less X'

miénьst X = 'least X'

There are a few irregular adjectives, which are listed in the table below.

Meaning	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
"good"	gád, vial (adv.)	batier	baste
"bad" (not "evil")	druk	virsier*	virьste*
"much, many"	miczel, micz (not declined)	myr (not declined)	myste
"few, little"	fó (not declined)	miénier (not declined)	miénьste

Fó is used for both count and non-count nouns; Et finsь fó hupie. 'There is little hope.'

Pronouns

Personal

The 2pl úr is also used as a polite 2nd person pronoun.

The neuter pronoun et survives as a dummy pronoun: þídech riagnedь et 'Today it rained'.

case	1sg.	2sg. (familiar)	3sg.		1pl.	2pl.	3pl.	reflexive	impersonal	interrogative
			m.	f.
nom.	ik	þú	er	sí	bír	úr	sí	-	sum	for
acc.	mik	þik	jan	í	unsь	ú	í	sik	sumen	fan
dat.	mir (pronounced mír)	þir (pronounced þír)	jam	jar	unsь	ú	ím	sir (pronounced sír)	sume	fam
gen.	mín	þín	jazer	jarer	unsier	úrer	jarer	sín	sín	fizer

The form bír comes from earlier vír which assimilated to the verb ending -em in inverted constructions: jatem bír 'we eat' < *jatem vír.

The impersonal pronoun sum in the nominative case can be used as the 1st person plural in impersonal speech: Sum gáþ! 'Let's go!' (lit. one goes)

Genitive pronouns can be used as postposed possessive pronouns for indefinite nouns: Ik kánie a fríend jazer. 'I know a friend of his.'

Possessive pronouns

To form possessive pronouns, "determiner" endings are added to the genitive of the personal pronouns; the stems of unsier and úrer become unsь- and úr- when a suffix is added. The reflexive sín is used to refer to a third person subject in the same clause, while jaz or jar refer to 3rd person subjects other than the subject.

Possessive pronouns in predicative position are the masculine nominative form of the pronoun: Þe siag isь unsier! 'Victory is ours!'

Possessive pronouns

case	singular		plural
	m.	f.
nom.	mín þín sín jaz jar unsier úrer fiz	míne þíne síne jaze jare unsie úre fize	míne þíne síne jaze jare unsie úre fize
dat.	mínem þínem sínem jazem jarem unsiem úrem fizem	míner þíner síner jazer jarer unsier úrer fizer	mínem þínem sínem jazem jarem unsiem úrem fizem
gen.	míns þíns síns jazes jares unsies úres fizes	míner þíner síner jazer jarer unsier úrer fizer	míner þíner síner jazer jarer unsier úrer fizer

Demonstrative

• þiz = this; jín = that
• þat = (anaphoric) that
• for, fan, fam = who; fiz = whose; fat = what
• fanь = when
• fí = how; sá = like this/that, so, thus
• fár = where; hiér = here; þár = there
• fanьs, hienьs, þanьs = from where, from here, from there
• fidier, hidier, þadier = to where, to here, to there
• fár + preposition = where- + preposition; hiér + preposition = here- + preposition; þár + preposition = there- + preposition
• fárup = why
• filьk = which
• salьk = such; like this, that (attributive)
• ylьk = (one's) respective (cognate with English each)
  • Álmán háþ ylьke probliámen. = Everyone has their own problems.
  • Sum skál liáten ú biaren riaknes up úrem ylьkem biedrívengem. = Each of you will be held accountable for your own actions.
• ál = all, every
• byþe, byþem, byþer = both
• álþing, álmán = everything, everyone
• kniét, kniétfilьk = some (non-specific)
• kniétfat, kniétfor, kniétfár... = something, someone, somewhere (non-specific) [< *ik ne wait hwat 'I don't know what' etc.]
• jeþich = some (specific)
• jeþfat, jeþmán, ... = something, someone (specific)
• nýþing, nýmán = nothing, no one

Adpositions

Prepositions taking both the dative and the accusative

When governing the dative, these prepositions indicate location; when governing the accusative they indicate destination.

• afte = after
• án = (high register) on, upon; to, unto
• biefur = before, in front of
• yr = before (temporally)
• at = at
  • Ik jém at þier stráte. = I'm on the street.
  • Ik gá at þí stráte. = I walk towards the street.
• in = in
  • in þem > im
• siúþen = after
• uvier = over
• up = on
• út = outside of, out of

Prepositions taking the accusative

• furь = for
• gaszt = towards
• sunder = without
• þruch = through
• um = around
• viþ = against

Prepositions taking the dative

• av = off, from
• bí = of, at, in, also used like German bei to indicate 'at someone's place'
• mid (pronounced mi before þ) = with
  • mid þem > mim
• ta = to
  • ta + þem, þier > tam, tar
• úter = except

Prepositions taking the genitive

• atstad = instead of
• saker = because of
• fíler = during

Verbs

Verbs have undergone some simplifications. For example:

• There is one set of personal endings for both thematic and athematic verbs.
• The past subjunctive has disappeared as a distinct form except viárie 'were, would be' and żenie 'would'. Modal verbs often use the past form for the past subjunctive.

Weak verbs

For the past dental suffix -ti- is added if the stem ends in a voiceless consonant (other than t(i) or d(i)); -edi- is added if the stem ends in a t(i) or d(i) or a hard consonant other than k, g, ch; -di- is added otherwise. Past participles are similar, with -d or -t.

Hard weak

lióven 'to love'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present indicative	lióve	lióver	lióveþ	lióvem	lióveþ	lióvenь
subjunctive	lióve	lióver	lióve	lióvem	lióveþ	lióvenь
past	lióvedie	lióvedie	lióvedie	lióvediem	lióvedieþ	lióvedienь
imperative	-	lióv! / lióve!	-	-	lióveþ!	-
present participle	lióvend
past participle	lióved

Other examples: maken 'make', lirnen 'learn'

Soft weak

varmien 'to warm'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present indicative	varmie	varmier	varmieþ	varmiem	varmieþ	varmienь
subjunctive	varmie	varmier	varmie	varmiem	varmieþ	varmienь
past	varmiedie	varmiedie	varmiedie	varmiediem	varmiedieþ	varmiedienь
imperative	-	varmь! / varmie!	-	-	varmieþ!	-
present participle	varmiend
past participle	varmied

Other examples: orvydien 'work'; hórien 'hear'; lyrien 'teach'; sażen 'say'; ertalien 'tell, recount'; ránien 'execute, set into motion'; bránien 'burn (transitive)'; lażen 'lay'; vunszen 'wish'

Some verbs with velar/palatal stems, e.g. brinżen, bráchtie, brácht 'bring'; bużen, buchtie, bucht 'buy'; þanczen, þáchtie, þácht - 'think' form a small subclass of soft stem thematic verbs.

Strong verbs

Broad/slender messed up strong verbs a bit.

Strong class 1

bíten 'to bite'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present	bíte	bítier	bítieþ	bítem	bíteþ	bítenь
subjunctive	bíte	bíter	bíte	bítem	bíteþ	bítenь
past	bit	bit	bit	bitem	biteþ	bitenь
imperative	-	bítь! / bítie!	-	-	bíteþ!	-
present participle	bítend
past participle	biten

Also: színen, szin, szinen 'shine', dríven, driv, driven 'act', klíven, kliv, kliven 'stick, cling', smíten, smit, smiten 'kill', vríten, vrit, vriten 'write', vríþen, vriþ, vriþen 'weave'.

Strong class 2

czúzen 'to choose'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present	czúze	czúzier	czúzieþ	czúzem	czúzeþ	czúzenь
subjunctive	czúze	czúzer	czúze	czúzem	czúzeþ	czúzenь
past	czór	czór	czór	czórem	czóreþ	czórenь
imperative	-	czúzь! / czúzie!	-	-	czúzeþ!	-
present participle	czúzend
past participle	czuren

Also: biúden, biód, biuden 'offer, bid', biúgen, bióg, biugen 'bow', fliúgen, flióg, fliugen 'fly', fliún, flió, flióen 'flee, escape', friúzen, friór, friuren 'freeze', liúzen, liór, liuren 'lose'

Strong class 3

binden 'to tie, to bind'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present	binde	bindier	bindieþ	bindem	bindeþ	bindenь
subjunctive	binde	binder	binde	bindem	bindeþ	bindenь
past	biand	biand	biand	biandem	biandeþ	biandenь
imperative	-	bindь! / bindie!	-	-	bindeþ!	-
present participle	bindend
past participle	biunden

Also: bieżinen, bieżan, bieżunen 'begin'; briénen, brián, briónen 'burn (intransitive)'; drinken, driank, driunken 'drink'; finden, fiand, fiunden 'find'; grinden, griand, griunden 'grind'; riénen, rián, riónen 'flow, run'; springen, spriang, spriungen 'jump, burst, explode'; simben, siamb, siumben 'sing'; þrimben, þriamb, þriumben 'compel'.

Strong class 4

In Glommish, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.

biaren 'to carry'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present	biare	bierier	bierieþ	biarem	biareþ	biarenь
subjunctive	biare	biarer	biare	biarem	biarþ	biarenь
past	biár	biár	biár	biárem	biárþ	biárenь
imperative	-	bierь! / bierie!	-	-	biareþ!	-
present participle	biarend
past participle	biuren

Also: gebiaren, gebiár, gebiuren 'give birth', briaken, briák, briuken 'break', niamen, niám, niumen 'take', piamen, piám, piumen 'come', driasken, driásk, driusken 'thresh', stiarven, stiárv, stiurven 'long (for)', sviaren, sviár, sviuren 'swear', viarpen, viárp, viurpen 'throw', biangen, biáng, biungen 'to fear'

Strong class 5

Strong class 5 merges completely with strong class 6. The only difference is the softness of the initial consonant.

żaven 'to give'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present	żave	żevier	żevieþ	żavem	żaveþ	żavenь
subjunctive	żave	żaver	żave	żavem	żaveþ	żavenь
past	żáv	żáv	żáv	żávem	żáveþ	żávenь
imperative	-	żevь! / żevie!	-	-	żaveþ!	-
present participle	żavend
past participle	żaven

Also: driapen, driáp, driapen 'hit', ferżaten, ferżát, ferżaten 'forget', liazen, liáz, liazen 'read', jaten, ját, jaten 'eat'. The verb sión, siáv, sión 'see' is irregular. There are also the j-present verbs bidien, biád, biaden 'beg, pray', lieżen, liág, liagen 'lie'

Strong class 6

graven 'to dig'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present	grave	gravier	gravieþ	gravem	graveþ	gravenь
subjunctive	grave	graver	grave	gravem	graveþ	gravenь
past	gráv	gráv	gráv	grávem	gráveþ	grávenь
imperative	-	gravь! / gravie!	-	-	graveþ!	-
present participle	gravend
past participle	graven

Also: slagen, slág, slagen 'to beat, to hit', standen, stánd, standen 'stand', vaksen, váks, vaksen 'grow', vasken, vásk, vasken 'wash'.

Strong class 7

halden, hyld, halden - to hold

fálen, fyl, fálen - to fall

liáten, lít, liáten - to let

sliápen, slíp, sliápen - to sleep

biegrán, biegry, biegrán - to become

Other strongs

ónen 'to like an inanimate object (same syntax as German gefallen)'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present	-	-	óneþ	-	-	ónenь
past	-	-	óndie	-	-	óndienь
past subjunctive	-	-	ánie	-	-	ánienь

The old preterite-present form ánie is used in the polite construction Mir ánie... 'I would like...'

Preterite-present verbs

viten 'to know'

viten 'to know'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present	vyt	vyt	vyt	vitem	viteþ	vitenь
subjunctive	vite	viter	vite	vitem	viteþ	vitenь
past	vistie	vistie	vistie	vistiem	vistieþ	vistienь
imperative	-	vyt! / vyte!	-	-	viteþ!	-
present participle	vitend
past participle	vist

kónen 'can, be able to'

kónen 'can'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present	kán	kán	kán	kónem	kóneþ	kónenь
subjunctive	kóne	kóner	kóne	kónem	kóneþ	kónenь
past	kóndie	kóndie	kóndie	kóndiem	kóndieþ	kóndienь

Similarly skólen 'shall' (skóldь 'should'),

þurven 'to have to'

þurven 'to have to'

Tempus	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present	þarv	þarv	þarv	þurvem	þurveþ	þurvenь
subjunctive	þurve	þurver	þurve	þurvem	þurveþ	þurvenь
past	þurvdie	þurvdie	þurvdie	þurvdiem	þurvdieþ	þurvdienь

dóren 'dare'

dóren 'dare'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present	dóre	dórer	dóreþ	dórem	dóreþ	dórenь
subjunctive	dóre	dórer	dóre	dórem	dóreþ	dórenь
past	durstie	durstie	durstie	durstiem	durstieþ	durstienь

The present has regularized. The past/conditional tense is still irregular from common use:

• Fí durstie þú... = How dare you...
• Ik durstь yncz erbaren þí anfer. = I wouldn't dare reveal the answer.

mogen 'may, have a possibility of'

mogen 'have a possibility of'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present	mag	mag	mag	mogem	mogeþ	mogenь
subjunctive	moge	moger	moge	mogem	mogeþ	mogenь
past	mochtie	mochtie	mochtie	mochtiem	mochtieþ	mochtienь

The subjunctive of mogen is used for wishes like English may:

• Moge unsier land niamen víszt mid burdlózem rícznesem = May our country be blessed with boundless riches

máten 'be permitted to'

máten 'be permitted to'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present	mát	mát	mát	mátem	máteþ	mátenь
subjunctive	máte	máter	máte	mátem	máteþ	mátenь
past	mástie	mástie	mástie	mástiem	mástieþ	mástienь

vín 'want'

vín 'want'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present	ví	ví	ví	vím	víþ	vínь
subjunctive	vilie	vilier	vilie	viliem	vilieþ	vilienь
past	vildie	vildie	vildie	vildiem	vildieþ	vildienь

Other irregular verbs

bión 'be'

bión 'to be'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present	jém	jér	isь	sim	siþ	sinь
subjunctive	bió	biór	bió	bióm	bióþ	biónь
past	vaz	vast	vaz	viárem	viáreþ	viárenь
past subjunctive	viárie	viárie	viárie	viáriem	viárieþ	viárienь
imperative	-	bió!	-	-	bióþ!	-
present participle	biónd
past participle	viáren

dán 'do'

dán 'to do'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present	dá	dár	dáþ	dám	dáþ	dánь
subjunctive	dá	dár	dá	dám	dáþ	dánь
past	dié	diést	dié	diém	diéþ	diénь
imperative	-	dá!	-	-	dáþ!	-
present participle	dánd
past participle	dán

gán 'go, (future tense auxiliary)'

gán 'to go, (future tense auxiliary)'

tense	ik	þú	er/sí	bír	úr	sí
present	gá	gár	gáþ	gám	gáþ	gánь
subjunctive	gá	gár	gá	gám	gáþ	gánь
past indicative	żang	żang	żang	żangem	żangeþ	żangenь
past subjunctive1	żenie	żenie	żenie	żeniem	żenieþ	żenienь
imperative	-	gá!	-	-	gáþ!	-
present participle	gánd
past participle	żangen

¹ Grammaticalized as a counterfactual marker.

Also: fán, fiang, fiangen - to get, to obtain

Syntax

Glommish word order is V2 but is more similar to Icelandic than German. German-style SOV is considered poetic.

Fanь ik vakse up, ví ik biegrán ne lyriernie.

When I grow up, I want to become a teacher.

(German: Wenn ich groß bin, will ich Lehrerin werden.)

Negation

The negative particle is yncz (pronounced /ɪntʃ/ or /əntʃ/) and is used like negative particles in typical Germanic languages.

Drincz þe vatie yncz, er isь fúl!

Don't drink the water, it's dirty!

Possession

Usually the genitive is placed after the noun: þí żáve míns fadiers 'my father's gift', but genitive before noun is acceptable too when the noun is definite and animate: míns fadiers żáve.

For "have", in addition to using hán 'to have' like other Germanic languages, one can use a construction Et findieþ mír tvy sunie. "I have two sons." (lit. It finds me two sons)

The construction "et findieþ" (there is) takes accusative objects.

Passive

The passive can be formed by using either piamen 'to come' or niamen 'to take', followed by the past participle of the verb. The two choices of auxiliary are in free variation.

For example, Þe káke piám jaten. or Þe káke niám jaten. means 'The cake was eaten.'

Or, one may use the impersonal pronoun sum as the subject. This is used when the object is behind a preposition and hence the verb cannot be passivized.

Simple tenses

Simple present

The simple present denotes habitual actions or generally true facts, like the English simple present.

Ik biange mik av nadrem.

I'm afraid of snakes.

Simple past

The simple past is like the English simple past. It's used mostly in New York Thedish, especially by younger speakers.

Subjunctive

The subjunctive is used in subjunctive clauses specifying a wish or a requirement.

Ik ví þat er blyve mid mír.

I want him to stay with me.

Imperative

Exactly what it says on the tin.

Compound tenses

Progressive

Progressive tenses denote ongoing actions. An Irish-like construction is used: the auxiliary bión is used (which carries the tense), and the lexical verb becomes at 'at' + infinitive. In formal Thedish, the direct object of the verb takes the genitive.

• Ik jém at jaten þe apel. "I am eating the apple."
• Þe hund vaz at þróten jan. "The dog was threatening him."

Perfect

The perfect is used like the English perfect; it uses the auxiliary hán + past participle. In modern Thedish there's a tendency to use the perfect where normative Thedish would use the simple past; this is especially true of Connecticut Thedish.

• Ik há jaten þe apel. "I have eaten the apple"; in Connecticut Thedish also "I ate the apple"

Clauses

Conjunctions

• ok = and
• oþ = or
• nierь = but
• þóch = although
• fanь = when
• þá, als (literary) = when
• ydier... oþ... = either... or...
• niádier... nok... = neither... nor...
• saker = because
• þat = that (can be used with moge + infinitive (present) or mochtь + infinitive (past) for purpose clauses)
  • Ik biesmulte et, þat anþere mogen ferstanden. = 'I'm explaining it so that others may understand.'
  • Ik biesmultedie et, þat anþere mochtien ferstanden. = 'I explained it so that others might understand.'
• iv = if (used for conditions that could be true)
• sadь = if (used for counterfactual conditions)
• þánь = then
• nisь = than
• þus = so, thus
• als = as
• viedier X oþ Y = Both X and Y
• sáls = like
• alsá = thus, therefore

Relative clauses

Glommish relative clauses use the relativizer þat, and a resumptive pronoun when the head is in an oblique argument.

The þár- words are used for prepositional objects that are inanimates; the personal pronouns are used for animates.

• Þí piane þat ik żáv jar fáde þankedie mir. = 'The woman I gave food to thanked me.' (lit. the woman that I gave her food)
  • Or: Þí piane jar ik żáv fáde þankedie mir.
• þe urd þat ik rián þárav or þe urd þárav ik rián = 'the place I ran from'

Inverted "if" clause

Like in German. In formal Thedish, the verb, if in present tense, is put in the subjunctive.

Exclamatory inversion

Brá, isь aldyrьsk ogel!

Boy, is Old Irish complicated!

Numbers

0-10: siúver, yn, tvy, þrí, fiór, finf, siaks, siém, acht, nión, tién /sɨ:r, ɨːn, tvɨː, θʲrʲiː, fʲoːr, fʲɪnf, sʲaks, sʲe:m, axt, nʲoːn, tʲeːn/

11-19: ylьf, tvalьf, þrítién, fiórъtién, finfъtién, siaksъtién, siefъtién, achtién, nióntién /ɨːlʲɪf, tvalʲɪf, θʲrʲiːtʲeːn, fʲoːrtʲeːn, fʲɪnftʲeːn, sʲakstʲeːn, sʲɛftʲeːn, axtʲeːn, nʲoːnʲtʲeːn/

20-90: tvyntich, þrítich, ... achtich, nióntich /tvɨːnʲtʲɪx, etc./

21, 22, ...: yn-án-tvyntich, tvy-án-tvyntich, ...

100: hunderþ /hʊndərθ/

Ordinal numbers are formed with -te or -þe (weak declension): siúverþe, yrste, tvyþe, þridie, fiórþe, finfþe, ...

Plural numerals tvy, þrí, fiór, ... have genitive forms tvyer, þríer, fiórer, .... Formal Thedish may use the dative forms tvym, þríem, fiórem, ....

Vocabulary

A sentence made entirely of Celtic vocabulary (except function words and prefixes):

Þe druke map isь at ferbytren þe móre ave. = the bad boy is crossing the big river.

Derivational morphology

• -ъ- is often used in compound words.
• bie-: "be-", forms applicatives
• -bier: '-able'
• -czen (m): diminutive
  • þe kotczen 'kitten' < þe kot 'cat'
• -dám (m): "-dom"
  • kuniengdám = kingdom
  • þe júdendám = Judaism
• end-: 'de-, dis-'
  • endyren: 'dishonor'
• er-: telic
• fer-: "for-"
• fur-: "fore-"
• -fól: "-ful"
  • fóliefól: "complete" < fólie 'fullness; fill'
• ge-: intensifies a verb or derives an adverb; collective nouns
  • A false example: geliór ('galore', from Irish go leor)
• -hyd /-iːd/: -ness, -hood
  • sialvhyd: 'identity'
• -ich: "-y"; forms adjectives of the form '[adj]-[noun]ed'
  • ynóżich: 'one-eyed' < yn 'one' + óge 'eye'
  • kaldhiertich: 'coldhearted'
• -iel: forms nouns
  • þe lapiel: 'spoon'
  • þe katiel: 'kettle'
• -izen: "-ize", from PGmc -isōną
• -elen: "-le", German -eln (frequentative verbs)
• -lóz: "-less"
  • andielóz: 'endless' < þe andie 'end'
• -ling (m): "-ling"
• -lik: "-ly"; forms adjectives from noun
  • dażlik 'daily' < þe dag 'day'
  • vurdlik 'literal' < þe vurd 'word'
• mis-: "mis-"
  • misdiád: "misdeed, misdemeanor"
• -nes (f; pl. -nesier): forms nouns from verbs
• -nie: feminine suffix
  • þí lyriernie 'teacher (female)' < þe lyrierь 'teacher'
  • þí fuksnie 'vixen' < þe fuks 'fox'
• sam-: equi-, con-, together
• -sam: "-some"
  • ynsam 'lonely' < yn 'one'
  • gefiársam 'dangerous' < þí gefiár 'danger'
  • vysam 'woeful' < þe vy 'woe'
• -sk: "-ish"
• -skapie: "-ship", forms collective nouns for groups of people
  • simbskapie = chorus
• tier-: German zer-
• tví-: "twi-"
• un-: "un-" (negation or opposite)
  • þí unróe 'unrest, unease'
• ur-
  • þe urdylь 'decision' < dylь 'part'
• -eng/-ieng: forms nouns from verbs
  • þí sriáleng 'radiation' < sriálen 'shine, radiate'
  • þí hytieng 'heating' < hytien 'to heat'
• -lív = -ery, -erei

Phrasebook

• Czáv! = hello, goodbye
  • Czáv þir! (informal AND to one person)
  • Czáv ú! (formal OR to more than one person)
• Gáde murgen/dag/jévend/nachtie! = 'Good morning/afternoon/evening/night!'
• Vilьpiumen! = 'Welcome!'
• ónetú (formal OR to more than one person) / óneþir (informal AND to one person) = 'please' (lit. may it please you/if it pleases you)
• Þank! = 'Thank you!'
• Rió isь mir. = 'I'm sorry.'
• Rió'sь. = 'Sorry.'
• Fí hyteþ úr? = 'What is your name?'
• Ik hyte ... = 'My name is ...'
• Fanьs piameþ úr? = 'Where are you from?'
• Ik piame av... = 'I'm from ...'
  • Angland. = 'England'.
  • Þiúskland. = 'Thedeland.'
  • Yreland. = 'Ireland.'
  • Kamberland. = 'Wales.'
• Spriakeþ úr ... = 'Do you speak ...'
  • ... angelьsk? = '... English?'
  • ... itálьsk? = '... Italian?'
  • ... griéczk? = '... Greek?'
  • ... árebьsk? = '... Arabic?'
  • ... tamierьsk? = '... Tamil?'
• Já. = 'Yes.'
  • Já, úr máteþ. = 'Yes, you may.'
• Ny. = 'No.'
• Ik spriake yncz þiúsk. = 'I can't speak Þiúsk.'
• Mát ik ú þúten? = 'May I address you informally (i.e. using þú)?'
• Isь þat sanþ? = 'Is that true?'
• Óneþ ú... / Ónenь ú... = 'Do you like...'
• mir óneþ... / mir ónenь... = 'I like...'
• mir ánie... / mir ánienь... = 'I would like...'
  • Mir ánie 'n glás vatie, ónetú. = 'I would like a glass of water, please.'
• Míne hond isь in varmenь vatienь. = My hand is in warm water.
• Mín stiúl isь in míner hond. = My pen is in my hand.
• mín druchtien/míne fróje = sir/miss (polite way to address strangers)

Names

TODO: P-Celtic, Greek, Hebrew, Latin, and Arabic names; Anglicized Thedish surnames

• Biarhard (m.) ("bear-hard"; ~ Bernard)
• Gardie (f.) (~ Gerðr)
• Gyr- ("spear")
  • Gyrhard (~ Gerhard)
  • Gyrnod (~ Gernot)
  • Gyrъhildь (~ Gerhilde)
• Hazel /hazəɫ/ (f.) ("hazel")
• Hildie /çɪlʲdʲə/, -hildь (f.) (< hildiz "battle")
• Kól (m.) (From a Celtic word for "hazel")
• Machtildь (f.) ("mighty in battle"; ~ Matilda, Mechthild)
• Onlyv (m.) (~ Olaf)
• Priten (m.) (~ Brittany)
• Sanþie /ˈsanθʲə/ (f.) ("truth")
• Siag- ("victory")
  • Siagfriuþ, Siaghildь, ...
• Svyn /svɨːn/ (m.) (*swainaz "servant"; ~ Sveinn/Sven)
• Þuner (m.) (*Þunraz)
• Váden /vaːdən/ (m.) (~ Odin)
• Vulf /vʊɫəf/ (m.)
• Ibrym (~ Ibrahim)

Days of the week

• miándag = Monday
• tiúsdag = Tuesday
• vánsdag = Wednesday
• þórsdag = Thursday
• frídag = Friday
• lórdag = Saturday
• sóndag = Sunday

Elements

Elements are masculine.

• vatiestuf = hydrogen
• heli = helium
• liþi = lithium
• palьstuf = nitrogen
• súrstuf = oxygen
• natri = sodium
• liúchtiestuf = phosphorus
• sviál = sulfur
• yriene = copper
• siulver = silver
• tin = tin
• fítgulþ = platinum
• gulþ = gold
• piksiulver = mercury (element)
• bliú = lead

Sample texts

Featured language banner

Þiz spriakmál vaz ynst furrichtied.

This language was once featured.

Þank jazer upmiáter líkamfólhyd, furvichtlikhyd ok davlikhyd geczór sum ta furrichtien jan.

Thanks to its level of (lit. level's) quality (lit. bodyfulness, i.e. concreteness), plausibility (lit. naturalness) and usage features (lit. usefulness), it has been voted as featured.

VENI, VIDI, VICI

Ik piám, ik só, ik siagdie.

I came, I saw, I conquered.

UDHR, Article 1

Álgemynie Útriádeng þier Manьskenriachten

Útgliþ 1

Ále mánьsken sinь geburen frí ok javen án vurþie ok ánriachtem. Sí sinь bieżávd mid ferstand ok riachtkánie ok þurven biedríven yn gaszt niávьste im andenь bráþierhyder.

[ˈɑːɫə ˈmɑːnʲskən sʲɪnʲ gəˈbʊɾən fʲɾʲiː ək ˈjavən ɑ:n ˈvuɾʲθʲɪ ək ˈɑ:nʲɾʲaxtəm || sʲiː sʲɪnʲ bʲɪˈdʒɑːvd mʲɪd fərˈstand ək rʲaxtkɑːnʲə | ək ˈθˠʊɾəvən bʲɪˈdʲɾʲiːvən iːn gaʃt ˈnʲɑːfʲstə jɪn andənʲ ˈbrɑːθʲɪɾiːdəɾ]

All human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Schleicher's Fable

Þe száp ok þí ruse

A száp þat hádie ny vóle myr siáv ruse: yn at tiúchen a þunge vage, yn at biaren ne móre lost, ok yn at snióm biaren a mánьsk. Þe száp sażdie þím rusem: "Þe hiarte isь mir syr, fanь ik sióe a mánьsk at dríven ruse án." Þí ruse sażdienь: "Lusnie, száp, þe hiarte isь unsь syr saker þiz hám bír sióen: a mánьsk, þe druchtien, makeþ sir a varme klyþ út þier szápen vóle, ok þe száp háþ niót vóle myr." Als þe száp hóriedie þiz, flióch er þruch þí miédve.

Gettysburg Address

Achtich-sieven járe isь et, after unsьre fadrie gebarenь án þizem jarþedylie a niúe þióde, tiúszt in fríhyd, ok ervíszt þier belóvnes þat ale manьsken sinь skafen javen.

Erlkönig

For rídieþ sá lat þruch nachtь ok vind?
Et isь þe fadier mid sínem czind;
Er háþ þe bákien vial in þem arm,
Er fateþ jan tróstich, er haldieþ jan varm.

Wer reitet so spät durch Nacht und Wind?
Es ist der Vater mit seinem Kind;
Er hat den Knaben wohl in dem Arm,
Er fasst ihn sicher, er hält ihn warm.

Mín fadierland isь míne arm'

National anthem of Thedeland

Mín fadierland isь míne arm',
Jam ik mín hiarte żav',
...