Verse:Mwtqwlqwj/Qwbmwdqwg

Mwtqwlqwj/Qwbmwdqwg/Lexicon

Proto-Mwtqwlqwj/Qwbmwdqwg

Mallorcan Arabic
el-Mijòrìje et-teanga Mijòrìje teangatna
Pronunciation	[əl̪mijoːriːjə̟]
Created by	User:IlL
Setting	Verse:Irta
Native to	Mallorca
Native speakers	896,038 (2018)
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Semitic Central Semitic Arabic Irta Maghrebi Arabic Mallorcan Arabic

Mallorcan Arabic is an Irish-influenced historical Arabic variety spoken in the Irta timeline's Mallorca (natively el-Mijòr), an independent country where it's an official language alongside English. In Irta it's called Majorcan. It may also be called teangatna [ˈt̪ʰæ̃ːʔʶʌtʶʰnʶʌ] 'our language'. Its speakers are predominantly Catholic and almost always also speak English. Modern Standard Latin and Irish are also widely understood in Mallorca.

Its premise is "Maltese but with Middle Irish and Classical Irish (and secondarily French and Nyvierfusiez) instead of Italian". It's the only Irtan Semitic language that evolved naturally under Celtic influence (Knench is more Azalic-influenced, and Irta Modern Hebrew was revived by Celtic speakers), and the only Irtan Semitic language written in a Latin orthography.

todo

Some vowel initial masculine nouns in Irish are borrowed with t-/T-

Should be Mallorcan (el-Mijòrìje, directly from "majoris")?

History

In Irta, Mallorca was ruled by Muslim Arabs (8th c. - 11th c.), then by the Irish (11th c. - 16th c.), then the Azalic English (16th c. - 20th c.). Mallorca gained independence from the Azalic English in 1940.

The Irish vocabulary in Mallorcan Arabic reflects a fictional Middle Irish dialect which shows features of modern Munster Irish (such as weight-sensitivity and stressed -ach and -acht); it's conservative in that broad dh (> CorA Z) is kept distinct from broad gh (> CorA Γ).

Mallorca in Irta briefly occupied Cambodia and parts of Thailand as well as parts of North America (e.g. Kansas and Oklahoma)

The first surviving text in Mallorcan Arabic is dated to 1515.

Mallorcan Arabic evolved from Sardino-Arabic, a fictional vernacular Arabic variety similar to our old Maghrebi Arabic which had the following features:

• qāf and ṭāʔ are unaspirated, sometimes voiced.
• ẓāʔ and ḍād are both [zˁ~ðˁ].
• jīm is [ɟ~g].
• has imāla after nonemphatics
  • new ā from 3ayn loss (same condition as Maltese stressed għa and agħ) causes old ā > ō after emphatics
  • The combination of imāla and Irish borrowing has resulted in two archiphonemes: Ē (Classical ā), Ā (Middle Irish á) (ē and ā respectively after nonemphatics; both become ō after emphatics after ayin loss)
    • Some analogical leveling happens, though, which collapses some occurrences to invariable /ē ā ō/
  • Ə - schwa archiphoneme, i between 2 nonemphatics
• Some vestigial 2i3rāb (*-i for nouns but *-Ø for verbs)

Mallorcan Arabic during or immediately after the period of Irish rule was markedly more grammatically conservative and more Irish-like than modern Mallorcan Arabic. Today's Mallorcan Arabic shows more English grammatical influence; for example it mainly uses the genitive preposition GaWW for possessive constructions, whereas older texts prefer a head-marked construction which requires the possessum to be in the construct state or take a possessive suffix.

Some Irish vocabulary in Mallorcan Arabic (especially when created after the 17th century) are actually Mallorcan coinages.

One Englishism: mā́nduhš Gī́jə xuG = 'he doesn't have a prayer for...' (This and "sad" comes from a Mallorcanism in Irta English which shows up in Pacific English and a few British dialects but not in Quelftonian English)

Figures

• Peadar Budı-Digēgı (Peadar Buddigèg) is an Irta Irish politician.
• Dylan Alı-Bejdāvī (Dilen el-Bejẕàvi): speculative evolution worldbuilder
  • Bejda (Bejẕa) is an Irta Mallorcan town

Phonology

Consonants

Mallorcan Arabic has an almost complete set of emphatic-nonemphatic pairs, formed from both native emphatic consonants (Classical Arabic T D S Z q became D Z S Z G) and the contrast between broad (velarized) and slender (palatalized) consonants in borrowed Irish vocabulary. (Some of the labial pairs probably have low functional load, though.) Irish broad and slender consonants are borrowed as emphatic and nonemphatic consonants, respectively (unless possibly after a stressed syllable, where they're subject to emphasis/nonemphasis spreading). The phonetic transcription of Mallorcan Arabic used in this article represents emphatic consonants with capitalized letters.

(blue background and bold = regularly occurs in native words' underlying forms)

Consonant phonemes in Mallorcan Arabic

		Labial		Dental/Alveolar		Postalveolar	Dorsal		Glottal
		plain	uvularized	plain	uvularized		prevelar	preuvular
Nasal		m m	M mʶ	n n̪	N n̪ʶ		[ŋ̟]	[ɴ̟]
Stop	aspirated	p pʰ	P pʶʰ	t t̪ʰ	T t̪ʶʰ		k k̟ʰ	K q̟ʰ
	unaspirated	b b	B bʶ	d d̪	D d̪ʶ		g ɡ̟	G ɢ̟~ʔʶ
Fricative	voiceless	f f	F ʍʶ	s s̪	S s̪ʶ	š ʃ	x x̟	X χ̟	h h
	voiced	w v~β̞	W wʶ	z z̪	Z z̪ʶ~ðʶ	ž ʒ	j j	Γ ʁ̟
Trill				r r̻~ɾ̻	R rʶ~ɹ
Lateral				l l	L l̪ʶ

/h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ̞] (weak [ħ]) before or after /a/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞] unless preceded by /ɪ/.

Allophones or marginal phonemes include H [hʶ] and Š [ʂʶ]; this article won't reflect these. [ŋ̟ ɴ̟] occur as allophones of /n̪ n̪ʶ/ before dorsal stops.

Emphatic consonants are realized as uvularized consonants by most of the population but are realized as velarized (also turning emphatic dorsals into true velars) by older and more educated speakers.

"Voiceless" stops are consistently aspirated; voiced stops are usually weakly voiced (as in German and Irish) and are always devoiced after a voiceless or aspirated consonant. Emphatic voiced stops tend to be less voiced than their nonemphatic counterparts; /ɢ̟/ is particularly prone to devoicing. Voiced geminate stops are realized as voiceless unaspirated. Geminated and word-final aspirated stops are preglottalized. Gemination is neutralized word-finally. Preuvular consonants are velar or uvular for some speakers; the velar realization is more common in rural areas.

G in contemporary urban Mallorcan Arabic is turning into [ʔʶ] (cf. Maltese and Egyptian Arabic /ʔ/ for older Arabic q), even affecting Irish loans: taNGə 'language' and Gī́jə 'prayer' (from Irish guidhe) are pronounced [ˈt̪ʰænʶʔʶʌ] and [ˈʔʶɪ̠jjə] by the majority of younger speakers. This is often attributed to immigration from other parts of Irta's Arab world bringing the glottal stop realization for Arabic q.

r is a laminal, alveolar trill or flap. It is often pronounced as Czech ř or as [ʒ] by younger speakers.

w = [β̞], [v] before vowels

t d T D n N L s S are lamino-dental

Nonemphatic consonants (except /v h/) are slightly more palatalized in word final position than in other conditions. /t d n l/ become laminal alveolar [t̻ʲ d̻ʲ n̻ʲ lʲ] when allophonically palatalized.

/rʶ/ may be realized as [ɾʶ] or [ɹʷʶ], the latter sounding a lot like a General American English r.

unasp stop + h > asp stop

asp stop + h > geminated asp stop

Vowels

Mallorcan Arabic is usually analyzed as having 5 short monophthongs, 6 long monophthongs, and 4 diphthongs (not counting vowel + semivowel sequences).

Mwtqwlqwj/Qwbmwdqwg stressed vowel phonemes

	Front		Back
	short	long	short	long
Close	/ɪ/	/iː/	/ü~ʊ/	/üː~uː/
Mid	/ɛ~æ/	/eː/	/ɔ/	/oː/
Open		/æː/	/ɑ/	/ɒː/

Diphthongs: /əj əw əwʶ aj aw awʶ eɐ oɐ iɐ uɐ/

Reduced vowels: /ə ɐ ɪ ü/

a is [æ] after nonemphatics, [ɑ] after emphatics

o is [o] after nonemphatics, [ɔ] after emphatics

i is [ɪ̟] after nonemphatics, [ɪ̈] after emphatics

u is [ü] after nonemphatics, [ʊ] after emphatics

/əj əw əwʶ/ is [ɛ̈j ə̟ẅ ɛ̈wʶ] after nonemphatics, [ɑj ɑẅ ɑwʶ] after emphatics (merged with /aj aw awʶ/ for young speakers)

ea oa ia ua [eɐ oɐ iɐ uɐ] result from CA (stressed) i u ī ū + pharyngeal consonant; some ia ua also come from Old Irish ía úa

unstressed a (IPA phonetic transcription /ɐ/) is similar to stressed a and result from Arabic 3ayn adjacent to an unstressed vowel; unstressed ə is [ʌ] after an emphatic and [ə̟] after a nonemphatic

3i 3ī 3u 3ū > aj aj aw aw

/C[emphatic]ə/ and unstressed /C[emphatic]ɐ/ merge for younger speakers; the vowel becomes [ɑ~ʌ].

Stress is no longer predictable

Reduction

How should long Vs reduce?

Minimal pairs/Things to investigate

Emphatic vs nonemphatic

• levn (ləwn) 'color'; lòn (LəWN) 'lunch'
• n vs N: nehr 'river', nathair 'snake' (near-minimal pair); rùṉ 'secret', rùin 'secrets'
• r vs R: final CA r becomes R in verbs and r in nouns and adjectives (because of genitive -i)
  • ȝas̱r 'vespers', ȝas̱ṟ 'squeeze.VN'
• f vs F: g̱ahve (Gaffə) 'coffee', g̱av̱v̱ha (GaFFə) 'of her'

Vowels

• [æ] and [ɑ] are distinctive in vowel-initial words and after /h/ (from Arabic a/Irish ea vs Irish a), but [æ] is an allophone of /ɛ/ (?)
• /æ:/ vs /ɒ:/: ȝàne, Àine
• /e:/ vs /æ:/: find an example of *ā vs 3ayn colored *a

Archiphonemes

• Ē (Classical ā), Ā (Middle Irish á): ē and ā respectively after nonemphatics; both become ō after emphatics and ā after pharyngeals
  • Some analogical leveling happens, though, which collapses some occurrences to invariable /ē ā ō/
• Ə: schwa archiphoneme, i between 2 nonemphatics in a final syllable

Emphasis spreading

Occurs for affixes that are not marked for emphasis (from originally nonemphatic consonants). A stressed onset being emphatic will result in the corresponding prefixes being emphatic and a stressed coda being emphatic will result in suffixes being emphatic.

(The VN suffix -əXəZ is an exception since it is marked for emphasis)

Intonation

Declarative sentences have the Russian question/pause intonation.

Pauses and questions stay high and flat on the stressed syllable and start at a lower level right after, rising till the end.

Orthography

Like many orthographies used in Irta, Mallorcan Arabic orthography is based on the principles of etymological spelling and enabling many-to-one reading, with the latter taking precedence.

Ȝaꞅ̱xùꞃ cꞃeiċe hije el-ḇuẕv̱a. (aSXū́r kréxə híjə əL-BúZWə) == A vulture is a bird of prey.

Emphatics denoted with underline

etymological a/ai/e/i for schwa in Irish loanwords

native vowels are written as palatalizing to be able to use different broadening strategies for Arabic and Irish vocab

Spelling native consonants

(corresponding to underlying phonemes not realization)

todo: conditions for reflexes of CA stressed /a/

• 2alif = (ɂ, like bā2)
• bā2 = b be bi bw beà bè bì bẁ bej bev
• tā2, þā2 = t te ti tw teà tè tì tẁ tej tev
• jīm = g ge gi gw geà gè gì gẁ gej gev
• Hā = ħ ħa ħi ħu ħà ħì ħù ħaj ħav
• khā = x xa xi xu xà xì xù xaj xav
• dāl, ðāl = d de di dw dè dì dẁ dej dev
• Rā = (ꞃ, like khā2)
• zāy = (z, like bā2)
• sīn = s se si sw sè sì sẁ sej sev
• šīn = ꞅ ꞅe ꞅi ꞅw ꞅè ꞅì ꞅẁ ꞅej ꞅev
• Sād = (ꞅ̱, like khā2)
• Dād, Zā2 = (ẕ, like khā2)
• Tā2 = (ḏ, like khā2)
• 3ayn = 3 3a 3i 3u 3à 3ì 3ù 3aj 3av
• ghayn = (γ, like khā2)
• fā2 = (f, like bā2)
• qāf = (ǥ, like khā2)
• kāf = (c, like bā2)
• lām = (l, like bā2)
• mīm = (m, like bā2)
• nūn = (n, like bā2)
• hā = (h, like bā2)
• wāw = (v, like bā2)
• yā = (j, like bā2)

Spelling Irish loans

Similar to our pre-reform Irish orthography, with lenition dots, and grave instead of acute

(sgàṫeàn /sʶɢɔˈhæːn/ 'mirror')

Irish loans that are inflected using Semitic morphology such as broken plurals are spelled as if native

Final broad consonants require underline

Morphology

Pronouns

• ɂèn(e), int(i), hw(ve), hi(je), aħn(e), intwm, hwm(e) (ēn(ə), ínt(i), hú(wə), hí(jə), áhn(ə), íntum, húm(ə)); impersonal mir (< mar2 'person')
  • In subject position, mir is often used as 1pl (cf. spoken Finnish)
• object pronouns: ɂìje, ɂìc, ɂìjwh, ɂìhe, ɂìne, ɂìcwm, ɂìhwm (ī́jə, īk, ī́juh, ī́hə, ī́nə, ī́kum, ī́hum) (from 2iyyā-, cognate to Hebrew et < *2iyyōt < *2iyy-āt-, the *-āt- is also found in the kămot- combining form for Heb kămo 'like')
  • object pronouns go to the end of a transitive clause
  • Ritcal·lim mir gil es̱-S̱ìn ɂìhe (ritkállim mir gil əS-Sīn ī́hə) = it (f.) was spoken in China / one spoke it in China

Nouns

sound plurals: m. -0 > -ìn (-ī́n), f. -e/-a (-ə) > -èṫ/-àṫ/-ijèṫ (-ḗh/ṓh/ijḗh; irregular -t > -h in f pl ending)

m. pl. const. -ej (-əj)

f. sg. const. -et/-at (-it/-ət); f. pl. const. -èt/-àt/-ijèt (-ḗt/-ṓt/-ijḗt)

nisba nouns: -(a)i -(a)ìn (-i -ī́n), f. -(a)ìje -(a)ijèṫ (-ījə -ijḗh)

emphasis spreading to the syllables after a posttonic emphatic

• guiḋe (Gī́jə) 'prayer', guiḋeti (Gī́jiti) 'my prayer'; guiḋetwh (Gī́jituh) 'his prayer', guiḋèṫ (Gījḗh) 'prayers'
• teanga (táNGə) 'language', teangatai (táNGəTi) 'my language'; teangatuh (táNGəTuh) 'his language'; teangaijèṫ (taNGijḗh) 'languages'
• ḃeannaċṯ (wəNáXT) (f.) 'blessing', ḃeannaċtai (wəNáXTi) 'my blessing', etc.; ḃeannaċtaijèṫ (wəNəXTijḗh) 'blessings'

In post-independence Mallorcan Arabic, eḻ-guiḋe g̱av̱v̱i (əL-Gī́jə GáWWi) is more common

todo: broken plurals

article əC- before sun letters (consain semsìje, KóNSin šəmšī́jə); sun letters D d Z z T t L l N n S s R r š ž

• eḏ-dùil (əD-Dūl) 'the component, item'
• ed-dèr (əd-dēr) 'the house'
• eṯ-ṯif̱l (əT-TíFəl) 'the boy'
• et-tevr (ət-təwr) 'the bull'
• es̱-s̱ajf (əS-Sajf) 'summer'
• eß-ßene (əs-sénə) 'the year'
• eẕ-ẕuhr (əZ-Zúhər) 'noon'
• ez-zeȝrùl (əz-zaRū́l) 'the hawthorn'
• eṟ-Randàn (əR-RəNDān) 'Lent'
• er-rìġ (ər-rī) 'the king'
• eḻ-luas̱ (əL-LuaS) 'the speed'
• el-levz (əl-ləwz) 'the almond'
• eṉ-naṫair (əN-Náhər) 'the snake'
• en-nèr (ən-nēr) 'the fire'
• es-sems (əš-šemš) 'the sun'
• ež-žwhneàl (əž-žuhnā́l) 'the journal'

Before moon letters (consain ǥamrìje, KóNSin Gəmrī́jə), the article is əL- before emphatic consonants and əl- before nonemphatic ones (including š, ž, h null).

before vowels l-, before clusters li-: li-sgàṫàn (li-SGōhā́n) 'the mirror'

sg and sound pl fem possessives: -i -ik -uh -hə -nə -kum -hum

sound pl masc possessives: -éjjə -ḗk -ḗh -ḗhə -ḗnə -ḗkum -ḗhum

irish -ə nouns are borrowed as feminine -ə, unless they are animate masculines

vlèdi, vlèdic, vlèdwh, vlèdhe, vlèdne, vlèdcwm, vlèdhwm (wlēdi, wlēdik, wlēduh, wlēdhə (pronounced wlētə), wlēdnə, wlēdkum, wlēdhum (pronounced wlētum))

Adjectives

Adjectives became a separate morphological part of speech from nouns under Irish influence.

Most non-nisba adjectives have the same declension: m. sg. -0, f. sg. -ə, pl. -ə. Nisba adjectives decline as -i -ī́jə -ī́jə. (The plural -ə comes from broken plurals taking feminine singular agreement, and spread to all plural adjectives under the influence of Irish plural -a/-e for adjectives.)

Color adjectives follow a different declension: áhmir 'red' has f.sg. and pl. hámrə. Loan adjectives (such as -aċ (-áX) adjectives from Irish) have unmarked feminine singular forms.

Predicative adjectives and adverbs formed from adjectives use kəl-/kəL-(moon) or kəC-(sun) followed by the masculine sg. form of the adjective. An alternative construction for adverbs, common in written language, is bi treò (bi trō) [ADJ.m.sg], from bi 'instrumental' + Irish treo 'direction'.

In adjectives ending in non-emphatic r in the masculine form, the feminine and plural form takes emphatic R: g̱as̱ìr (GəSī́r) 'short (m.sg.)', g̱as̱ìra (GəSī́Rə) 'short (f.sg. or pl.)'.

Degree:

• Gádir 'much' > áktəR 'more', l-áktəR 'most'
• ftī́t 'few, little' > áNGəS 'less', l-áNGəS 'least'

Verbs

4 principal parts: past 3sg.m, imperative sg, passive participle, verbal noun

loan verbs use -aċaḋ (-əXəZ) for VN from MidIr *-aghadh (~ Scottish Gaelic -achadh, Irish -ú)

passive binyanim are lost; maSdars serve the same grammatical roles as Irish verbnouns

Gzarot split based on emphatic/nonemphatic, then simplification

negative mə-š sticks to the first (focused) constituent; the unmarked construction is MəRáDWi huš 'he did not admit' for pronoun subjects, but MəRáDWiš šēMəS 'Séamus did not admit' for noun subjects. However, the MəRáDWiš form is used for answering questions.

Work out interactions between subject suffixes + object suffixes + subject pronoun clitics

Stems whose past and imperative stems fall together get the preverb rə-/Rə- (from Middle Irish ro, from the Old Irish perfect preverb) in the past tense, də-/Də- if the first consonant in the stem is R/r. Some conservative dialects only use rə-/də- in the past tense (in verbs that use them) when in the affirmative, not in interrogatives or negatives (cf. Irish lenition/d'- and Welsh mi):

– əl Gáddis KáLəM əlláwm? – MəGáddisš. (Standard əR RəGáddis...? MəRGáddisš.)

– Did Calum attend Mass today? – He did not.

kətábtēn/kətábbint came from kətábt ēnə/int

The prohibitive is formed by using lē + imperative.

Inherited 3-consonant verbs

Stem I (cetib, ketib)

Stem I verb conjugation: katib 'he wrote' (Arabic kataba)

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	ktábtēn	ktábbint	kátib hu	kátbit hi	ktábnə	ktábtum, ktábbintum	kátbu hum
future	náktib	táktib	jáktib hu	táktib hi	náktbu	táktbu	jáktbu hum
imperative	-	uktib!	-	-	-	uktbu!	-
passive participle	məktūb
verbal noun	kitb

Stem I verb conjugation: šaRəB 'he drank' (Arabic šaraba)

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	šRáBTēN	šRáBBiNT	šáRəB hu	šáRBəT hi	šRáBNə	šRáBTuM, šRáBBiNTuM	šáRBu hum
future	nášRəB	tášRəB	jášRəB hu	tášRəB hi	nášəRBu	tášəRBu	jášəRBu hum
imperative	-	ušRəB!	-	-	-	ušəRBu!	-
passive participle	məšRūB
verbal noun	šuRB

Stem I verb conjugation, III-y: banə 'he built' (Arabic banā)

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	bənájtēn	bənájtint	bánə hu	bánit hi	bənájnə	bənájtum, bənájtintum	bánəw hum
future	nábni	tábni	jábni hu	tábni hi	nábnu	tábnu	jábnu hum
imperative	-	úbni!	-	-	-	úbnu!	-
passive participle	məbnī́
verbal noun	bínjə

Stem I verb conjugation, II-w: mēt 'he died' (Arabic māta)

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	muttēn	muttint	mēt hu	mḗtit hi	mútnə	múttum, múttintum	mḗtu hum
future	nmū́t	tmū́t	jmū́t hu	tmū́t hi	nmū́tu	tmū́tu	jmū́tu hum
imperative	-	mut!	-	-	-	mū́tu!	-
passive participle	məmū́t
verbal noun	məwt

(One can also use the expression wegid məwt (lit. find/suffer death), in Irta Irish faigh bás is a calque of this)

Stem I verb conjugation, II-y: Xōn (or Xēn) 'he cheated, betrayed' (Arabic xāna)

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	Xíntēn	Xinnint	Xōn hu	Xṓnit hi	Xínnə	Xíntum, Xínnintum	Xṓnu hum
future	NXī́n	TXī́n	jXī́n hu	TXī́n hi	NXī́nu	TXī́nu	jXī́nu hum
imperative	-	Xin!	-	-	-	Xī́nu!	-
passive participle	MəXū́n
verbal noun	Xəjn

Stem II (recettib, rəkéttib)

Stem II verb conjugation: RəGaddis 'he sanctified; he attended Mass' (Arabic qaddasa)

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	RəGəddástēn	RəGəddássint	RəGáddis hu	RəGáddsit hi	RəGəddásnə	RəGəddástum, RəGəddássintum	RəGáddsu hum
future	NGáddis	TGáddis	jGáddis hu	TGáddis hi	NGáddsu	TGáddsu	jGáddsu hum
imperative	-	Gáddis!	-	-	-	Gáddsu!	-
passive participle	MGáddis
verbal noun	TəGDī́s

Stem IV (ɂectib, éktib)

Early loan verbs beginning with a consonant cluster fall into this conjugation (cf. some Modern Hebrew loan verbs like hiklík). Stem IV is no longer productive.

Stem IV verb conjugation: ɂecrid (ékrid) 'he believed' (nativized from Irish creid)

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	ɂecridtèn (ɂəkrídtēn)	ɂecriddint (əkríddint)	ɂecrid hw	ɂecirdit hi	ɂecridne	ɂecridtwm, ɂecriddintwm	ɂecirdw hwm
future	nwcrid	twcrid	jwcrid hw	twcrid hi	nwcirdw	twcirdw	jwcirdw hwm
imperative	-	ɂwcrid!	-	-	-	ɂwcirdw!	-
passive participle	mwcrid
verbal noun	ɂicrèd

Stem X (rictetib, riktétib)

Stem X verb conjugation: rintáZəR 'he (a)waited'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	rintəZáRTēN	rintəZáRRəNT	rintáZəR hu	rintáZRəT hi	rintəZáRNə	rintəZáR(RəN)TuM	rintáZRu hum
future	nintáZəR	tintáZəR	jintáZəR hu	tintáZəR hi	nintáZRu	tintáZRu	jintáZRu hum
imperative	-	intáZəR!	-	-	-	intáZRu!	-
passive participle	mintáZəR
verbal noun	intəZōR

reanalyze as vii, root Z-R?

4-consonant roots

usually treated somewhat like loan verbs; they even take r- in the past tense

rəCaCCəC verb conjugation: riteargim (rətárgim) 'he translated, interpreted' (Arabic tarjama)

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	rətərgámtēn	rətərgámmint	rətárgim hu	rətárgmit hi	rətərgámnə	rətərgámtum, rətərgámmintum	rətárgmu hum
future	ntárgim	ttárgim	jtárgim hu	ttárgim hi	ntárgmu	ttárgmu	jtárgmu hum
imperative	-	tárgim!	-	-	-	tárgmu!	-
passive participle	mittárgim
verbal noun	tárgiməXəZ

Irish -aigh verbs

Loan verb paradigm based on loaned Irish -aigh verbs (partly fitted to native 3-y verbs, hence the stress shifts and possibly vowel reduction and addition of the R- to past forms from Irish ro and d-/D- if the 1st consonant in the stem is a r/R)

past tense forms are lenited as in Irish, and VN follows that (Irish feminine definite article lenition + analogy to past for d-/t-/s-)

Irish loan verb conjugation: RáDWi 'he admitted, confessed' (from *ro admhaigh sé)

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	RəDWájtēn	RəDWájt, RəDWájtint	RáDWi hu	RáDWiT hi	RəDWájnə	RəDWájtum, RəDWájtintum	RáDWəW hum
future	náDWi	táDWi	jáDWi hu	táDWi hi	náDWu	táDWu	jáDWu hum
imperative	-	áDWi!	-	-	-	áDWu!	-
passive participle	áDWihə
verbal noun	áDWəXəZ (used in constructions such as inə f-áDWəXəZ 'I confess')

Newer loan verbs

Newer loan verbs use the same stress patterns and affixes as Irish -aigh loan verbs, but have a fixed stem. Past participles use -ḗ from French -é.

Newer loan verb conjugation: rəmaksimízi 'he maximized' (from French maximiser)

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	rəmaksimizájtēn	rəmaksimizájt, rəmaksimizájtint	rəmaksimízi hu	rəmaksimízit hi	rəmaksimizájnə	rəmaksimizájtum, rəmaksimizájtintum	rəmaksimízəw hum
future	nmaksimízi	tmaksimízi	jmaksimízi hu	tmaksimízi hi	nmaksimízu	tmaksimízu	jmaksimízu hum
imperative	-	maksimízi!	-	-	-	maksimízu!	-
passive participle	maksimizḗ
verbal noun	maksimízəXəZ (used in constructions such as inə fi-maksimízəXəZ 'I maximize')

Prepositions

frè (< Irish fré) = against

frejje, frèc, frèh, frèhe, frène, frècwm, frèhwm (frəjjə, frēk, frēh, frḗhə, frḗnə, frḗkum, frḗhum)

• also 3ale (alə) = on

fwg̱ (xuG) = upon, towards, for (3fs is xūKə, 2pl is xuKKum, 3pl is xūKum) (< fawq + chuig)

mijejn (mijéjn) 'about' (~ Scottish Gaelic mu dheidhinn): mijejni, mijejnic, mijejnwh, mijejnhe, mijejnne, mijejncwm, mijejnhwm

fi (< CA fī) is matched to faoi in some verb complements; 'in' often uses a different prep gil (from majāl 'domain')

GaWW = 'of, at' (from GuRB 'vicinity'): GaWWi, GaWWəK, GaWWuh, GaFFə, GaWnə, GaWKuM, GaFFuM

Numerals

vèħad, tnejn, tlète, earḇȝa, xamße, ßitte, ßeaḇa, tmènje, dißȝa, ȝasra (wḗhad, tnəjn, tlḗtə, áRBa, Xámsə, síttə, sáBa, tmḗnjə, dísa, ā́šRə)

eavvil, tèni, tèlit, ràḇaȝ, xàmiß, ßètit, ßèḇaȝ, tmèni, dèßeȝ, ȝàser (áwwil, tḗni, tḗlit, RṓBa, Xṓmis, sḗtit, sḗBa, tmḗni, dḗsa, ā́šəR)

Ordinals come before nouns, as in Irish: et-tèlit bèb (ət-tḗlit bēb) = the third door

Syntax

Irish/Gàidhlig relex; VSO and verbnouns whose possessors are direct objects. Even more Irishy than Irta Modern Hebrew; grammar-wise it's the most Irishy Irtan Semlang, though it does not have mutations.

Less topic-prominent than Arabic so no "anā ismī"

Question particle əl (from hal), assimilates to əL/ər/əR before L/r/R

The vocative particle jə/j' is consistently used (like the Irish vocative): əl məRūhakš fi-targiməXəZHuM, jə šān? 'Aren't you the one translating them, Seán?'

• is fear é Dónal = Rágil hu DóWNəL (now more commonly DóWNəL hu Rágil)
• is é Dónal an Taoiseach olc = DóWNəL hu əT-TīšəX āR
• tá Dónal mór = DóWNəL kəl-kibīR; bhí Dónal ... = kēn DóWNəL..., beidh Dónal = jəkin DóWNəL...
• tá úll ann/agam = (form of kēn) tuffēh nēk/āndi (reverse of Arabic)
• Stative verbs: tá mé i mo chodladh = ēn fi-RGōdi

Texts

The Lord's Prayer

called əL-Pádir or əl-misḗrnə