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Tigal (Tigal: a dTigal [ə ˈd̥ɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] or a ŋgoth dTigal [ə ŋɔɬ ˈtɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ] 'the Tigal language'; pronounced "tiggle" in English) is a West Talmic language, inspired by German, Irish and Philadelphia English.
1: cēm > ciamh 2: tithōr > tythar 3: nazge > nég-L 4: dhaufe > dő-L 5: salir > selar 6: stām > stámh 7: rōde > ryadh-L 8: lorethe > lörath-L 9: farve > erbh-L 10: ħiōr > yar
Notes
- i - i-umlaut
- u - u-umlaut
- L - lenition
- N - eclipsis
- h - h-prothesis
Phonology
Consonants
Tigal has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 20 consonants, like most West Talmic languages. The phonology is unusual for having lateral fricatives and two liquids undefined for laterality.
Labial | Alveolar | Lateral | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m m | n n | ŋ ŋ~ɴ | ||||
Stop | tenuis | b p | d t | g k~q | ʔ | ||
aspirated | p pʰ | t tʰ | c kʰ~qʰ | ||||
Fricative | voiceless | f f | s s | ɬ | ç~x | h | |
voiced | v | z z | ɮ | j~ɣ | |||
Liquid | r ɽ~ɺ˞~ɭ | l ʀ~ʟ | |||||
Approximant | w |
Notes
- An initial /ʔ/ is added to null initials (at least in careful speech).
- The aspiration distinction is neutralized word-finally.
- Unaspirated consonants /p, t, k/ are half-voiced [b̥, d̥, ɡ̊] between vowels (at least within a word).
- /w/ is a labiovelar approximant [ɰʷ] with the vocalic quality of [u].
- /tʰ, t, ɬ, ɮ/ are usually alveolar [tʰ, t, ɬ, ɮ], and are retroflex [ʈʰ, ʈ, ꞎ, ɮ˞] adjacent to /ɺ˞~ɭ/.
- /s, z/ are alveolar retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek counterparts. They have retroflex allophones after
- /ŋ, kʰ, k/ are usually velar [ŋ, kʰ, k], but are often uvular [ɴ, qʰ, q] next to /ʀ~ʟ/. /kʰʀ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ].
- /x, ɣ/ palatalize to [ç, j] before /iː yː ɪ ʏ eː øː/.
- The retroflex liquid /ɽ~ɺ˞~ɭ/:
- The [ɽ~ɺ˞] allophone occurs before vowels.
- The [ɭ] allophones occurs after vowels, however [ɻ] is acceptable in this position too.
- The uvular liquid /ʀ~ʟ/:
- The [ʀ] allophone occurs before consonants. It is a trill [ʀ] in careful speech, and a fricative [ʁ] in casual speech which devoices to [χ] after an aspirate or another fricative.
- The allophone transcribed as [ʟ] occurs after vowels but may occur before consonants. but may occur is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant or a backed uvular approximant with compressed rounding [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L.
- In classical singing and some dialects [r] is used.
Mutations
Grapheme | m | p | b | f | n | t | d | s | z | r | ŋ | c | g | l | 0 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | /m/ | /pʰ/ | /p/ | /f/ | /n/ | /tʰ/ | /t/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ɺ˞/ | /ŋ/ | /kʰ/ | /k/ | /ʀ/ | /0/ |
Lenited | mh | ph | bh | fh | - | th | dh | sh | zh | - | - | ch | gh | - | - |
IPA | /w/ | /f/ | /v/ | silent | - | /ɬ/ | /ɮ/ | /h/ | silent | - | - | /x/ | /ɣ/ | - | - |
Eclipsed | - | bp | mb | bhf | - | dt | nd | zs | - | nl | - | gc | ŋg | - | ŋ- |
IPA | - | /p/ | /m/ | /v/ | - | /t/ | /n/ | /z/ | - | - | - | /k/ | /ŋ/ | - | /ŋ/ |
Vowels
Tigal has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization.
Front | Central | Back | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | ||||
short | long | short | long | short | long | short | short | long | |
Close | i /ɪ/ | í /iː/ | y /ʏ/ | ý /yː/ | ú /ʉː/ | u /ʊ/ | ul, úl /ʊˁː/ | ||
Mid | e /ɛ/ | é /eː/ | ø /œ/ | ǿ /øː/ | e /ə/ | ó /ɵː/ | el [ɤˁ] | o /ɔ/ | ol, ól /ɔˤː/ |
Open | á /æː/ | a /ɐ/ | al, ál /ɒˁː/ |
Diphthongs: ia ya ua il/íl/ial yl/ýl/yal el él øl ǿl /iə yə uə ɪɤˁ ʏɤˁ ɛɤˁ eɤˁ œɤˁ øɤˁ/
Notes
Close vowels
- /iː/ is close front unrounded [iː].
- /yː/ is close front rounded [yː]. Its rounding is compressed.
- /ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
- /ʊˁː/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
- In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
- /ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] or close-mid near-front unrounded [e̠].
- /ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ]. Its rounding is compressed.
- /ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠]. Its rounding is protruded.
Mid vowels
- /eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː].
- /øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [øː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː]. Its rounding is compressed.
- /ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
- /ɔˁː/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
- In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʌɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
- /ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽].
- /œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ]. Its rounding is compressed.
- [ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] when word-final.
- [ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
- /ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞]. Its rounding is protruded.
Open vowels
- /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ].
- /æː/ is open front unrounded front [aː], or near-open front unrounded [æː].
- /ɒˁː/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɒɤˁ] or [äɤˁ].
Umlaut
Words may undergo i-umlaut or u-umlaut under the addition of some affixes.
Root vowel | a | a | e | é | i | í | ia | o | ó | u | ú | ua |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
u-umlaut | o | ó | ø | ǿ | y | ý | ya | - | - | - | - | - |
i-umlaut | e | é | - | - | - | - | - | ø | ǿ | y | ý | ya |
L-colored vowels
Morphology
Nouns
Masculine vowel declension
Use ~ AW neuter determiner endings?
clúda - 'time' | ||
---|---|---|
Number→ State↓ |
Singular | Plural |
Indefinite | clúda-L | clúdann |
Definite | a clúda | clúdar |
Construct | clúdath | clúdar |
Masculine consonantal declension
The mutation after the noun surfaces on adjectives and genitive nouns.
suar - 'house' | ||
---|---|---|
Number→ State↓ |
Singular | Plural |
Indefinite | suar-N | suara-H |
Definite | a shuar-L | suarann |
Construct | suara-L | suarar |
Feminine vowel declension
Feminine consonant declension
iamh - 'mother' | ||
---|---|---|
Number→ State↓ |
Singular | Plural |
Indefinite | iamh | iamhar |
Definite | a n-iamh-N | a h-iamh-H |
Construct | yamha-L | yamhar |
Adjectives
Declension paradigms
Sample declensions
giath 'sharp' | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | ||||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
Indefinite | ŋuar ŋgiath | ŋuara giatha | tilŋ giath | tilŋar giathar | |
Definite | a ŋyar ghiath | ŋuarann giathann | a dtilŋ ŋgiath | a tilŋ giath | |
Construct | ŋuara ghiath | ŋuarar giathann | tylŋa ghiath | tylŋar giath |
éthamh 'holy' | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Masculine | Feminine | ||||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
Indefinite | ésta éthamh | éstann h-éthamha | tilŋ éthamh | tilŋar éthamhar | |
Definite | a ést éthamh | éstar éthamhann | a dtilŋ ŋ-éthamh | a tilŋ h-éthamh | |
Construct | ésta éthamh | éstar éthamhann | tylŋa éthamh | tylŋar éthamh |