Middle Tevvic

Ancient Tevvic
चैवैताण् (cēvētāṇ)
Pronunciation	[t͡ɕɛː.ʋɛː.ˈtɑːɳ]
Created by	Melinoë
Date	May, 2026
Native to	Uttarakhand
Ethnicity	Tevvics
Era	Spoken from the mid 12th to the late 17th centuries, developed into Modern Tevvic by 1700.
Language family	Indo-European Para-Germanic Chlesamnic Tevvic Ancient Tevvic
Early form	Proto-Chlesamnic
Writing system	Devanagari

Middle Tevvic (Autonym: चैवैताण्, /t͡ɕɛː.ʋɛː.ˈtɑːɳ/) was a language spoken in northern India, largely around the modern state of Uttarakhand. It is the direct descendant of Ancient Tevvic, though it is not intelligible with it in the slightest.

Development

Early Middle

Also called "Late Ancient"

• /ʎ/ > /ɕ/
• word final /Cʰ/ > /h/
• voiced aspirates to voiced, developing a minor tonal distinction
• beginning of stress shift to mesostatic throughout
• geminated aspirates to short

Middle proper

• final /ɑ, ə, ɛ, ɔ/ lost, long variants shorten to /ə/, /e, o, i, u/ > /ɛ, ɔ, e, o/
• final /h/ lost
• loss of nasals after oral stops, as in Ancient Tevvic "phḗthmạh" > Middle Tevvic "phēthe".
• voiceless aspirates to voiceless, imparting a high tone on the vowel
• /ə/ > /ɛ/

Phonology

Vowels

This first table is the set of "primary" vowels.

independent	transliteration	IPA	dependent		Independent	transliteration	IPA	dependent
अ	a	[ɑ]	प		आ	ā	[ɑː]	पा
इ	i	[i]	पि		ई	ī	[iː]	पी
उ	u	[u]	पु		ऊ	ū	[uː]	पू
ऍ	e	[ɛ]	पॅ		ऐ	ē	[ɛː]	पै
ऎ	ei	[e]	पॆ		ए	ēi	[eː]	पे
ऑ	o	[ɔ]	पॉ		औ	ō	[ɔː]	पौ
ऒ	ou	[o]	पॊ		ओ	ōu	[oː]	पो

This second table is the set of "altered" vowels, containing the front rounds and central vowels. These repurpose the anusvara as a quality modifier.

independent	transliteration	IPA	dependent		Independent	transliteration	IPA	dependent
इं	ị	[y]	पिं		ईं	ị̄	[yː]	पीं
उं	ụ	[ɨ]	पुं		ऊं	ụ̄	[ɨː]	पूं
ऍं	ẹ	[œ]	पॅं		ऐं	ẹ̄	[œː]	पैं
ऎं	ẹi	[ø]	पॆं		एं	ẹ̄i	[øː]	पें

Stress is marked through the udatta, such as प॑ (pa॑), though the anudatta is common for tall symbols (as in "पे॒" ("pe॒"))

Consonants

Phonetics →	Occlusive								Nasal		Approximant		Fricative
Voicing →	voiceless				voiced								voiceless		voiced
Aspiration →	unaspirated		aspirated		unaspirated		aspirated		unaspirated
Velar	क	ka [k]	ख	kha [k]	ग	ga [ɡ]	घ	gha [ɡ]					ह	ha [h]
Palatal	च	ca [tɕ]	छ	cha [tɕ]	ज	ja [dʑ]	झ	jha [dʑ]	ञ	ña [ɲ]	य	ya [j]	श	śa [ɕ]	झ़	źa [ʑ]
Retroflex	ट	ṭa [ʈ]	ठ	ṭha [ʈ]	ड	ḍa [ɖ]	ढ	ḍha [ɖ]	ण	ṇa [ɳ]	र	ra [ɻ]	ष	ṣa [ʂ]	ढ़	ẓa [ʐ]
Dental	त	ta [t̪]	थ	tha [t̪]	द	da [d̪]	ध	dha [d̪]	न	na [n̪]	ल	la [l]	स	sa [s]	ज़	za [z]
Labial	प	pa [p]	फ	pha [p]	ब	ba [b]	भ	bha [b]	म	ma [m]	व	va [ʋ]

Morphology

All inflectable terms follow one of three stress patterns, acrostatic (initial stress), mesostatic (stressed ending), or kinetic. kinetic stress originally entailed a moving stress, where it was acrostatic in some forms, but mesostatic in others, this "moving" stress has been leveled out, but the phonological effects remain, as in मंहः॑ (mạháh) but मंगः॑ (mạgáh).

Nominals

Nominals decline based on roughly 4 categories, those being number, case, gender (adjectives), and possessor (nouns). Noun roots may be derived for different genders, often for a semantic change.

Nouns

Possessive endings

	singular	plural
1st	-म ((-ma))	-ष ((-ṣa))
2nd	-थ ((-tha))	-ष्व ((-ṣva))
3rd	-ण ((-ṇa))	-नैस ((-nēsa))

Masculines

a-stem

a-stem masculine nouns (acrostatic)

	उ॑ल्फंः (u॑lphăh)		फ॑ह्रंः (pha॑hrăh)		[Term?]
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	उ॑ल्फंः (úlphạh)	उ॑ल्फॉः (úlphoh)	फ॑ह्रंः (pháhrạh)	फ॑ह्रॉः (pháhroh)	()	()
vocative	उ॑ल्फ् (úlph)	उ॑ल्फॉः (úlphoh)	फ॑ह्र् (pháhr)	फ॑ह्रॉः (pháhroh)	()	()
accusative	उ॑ल्फ (úlpha)	उ॑ल्फः (úlphah)	फ॑ह्र (pháhra)	फ॑ह्रः (pháhrah)	()	()
allative	उ॑ल्फौर् (úlphōr)	उ॑ल्फह्र्(úlphahr)	फ॑ह्रौर् (pháhrōr)	फ॑ह्रह्र् (pháhrahr)	()	()
genitive	उ॑ल्फंः (úlphạh)	उ॑ल्फां (úlphạ̄)	फ॑ह्रंः (pháhrạh)	फ॑ह्रां (pháhrạ̄)	()	()
ablative	उ॑ल्फॅच् (úlphec)	उ॑ल्फः (úlphah)	फ॑ह्रॅच् (pháhrec)	फ॑ह्रः (pháhrah)	()	()
dative	उ॑ल्फै (úlphē)	उ॑ल्फैसॉ (úlphēso)	फ॑ह्रै (pháhrē)	फ॑ह्रैसॉ (pháhrēso)	()	()
instrumental	उ॑ल्फॉ (úlpho)	उ॑ल्फंः (úlphạh)	फ॑ह्रॉ (pháhro)	फ॑ह्रंः (pháhrạh)	()	()

Verbs

Verbs have evolved into an entirely agglutinative formation, largely from two main factors, being sound changes and the sheer size of the verbal system, which you will see below.

The various aspects are formed through different endings, though they all share a common pattern.

• perfective: (अ/इ)-ण् (-ṇ)
• progressive: -नण् (-naṇ)
• habitual: -जिण् (-jiṇ)
• causative: -अयण् (-ayaṇ) (earlier -ऐण् (-ēṇ))

The tense endings attach directly to the aspect endings, with the exception of the present and the conditional. The various tense endings are:

• present: Largely unmarked.
• past: -एधण् (-edhaṇ)
• future: -शण् (-śaṇ)
• conditional: formed from the past tense plus the so-called "augment" अ- (a-), a borrowing from Sanskrit, thus अफथण् (aphēthaṇ)

There exists two moods (the conditional being grammatically treated as a tense):

• The indicative, which is the basic form of almost all verbs (though some only exist in the subjunctive)
• The subjunctive, also variously called the optative or the desiderative, is formed by taking the indicative form and shortening the root vowel, thus फैथ् (phēth) > फेथ (phetha)

There are two voices, the (medio)passive being marked with -श् (-ś).

Negation is handled through the prefix तो- (to-).

Person marking seems to have been for both subject and object, with the object being optional if specified otherwise.

Subject endings

	singular	plural
1st	-म (-ma)	-ष (-ṣa)
2nd	-थ (-tha)	-ष्व (-ṣva)
3rd	-ण (-ṇa)	-नैस (-nēsa)

Object endings

	singular	plural
1st	-म् (-m)	-ज़ (-za)
2nd	-थ् (-th)	-ज़्व (-zva)
3rd	-ण् (-ṇ)	-न (-na)

Conjugations of फैथ् (phēth) (class 1 strong)

Perfective conjugations of फैथ् (phēth) (class 1 strong) infinitive participle present past active फैथिण् फैथ् फैथेधोण् passive फैथिणश फैथश फैथेधोणश indicative active passive subjunctive active passive present positive negative positive negative present positive negative positive negative 1sg फैथम तोफैथम फैथमश् तोफैथमश् 1sg फैथ्यम तोफैथ्यम फैथ्यमश् तोफैथ्यमश् 2sg फैथथ तोफैथथ फैथथश् तोफैथथश् 2sg फैथ्यथ तोफैथ्यथ फैथ्यथश् तोफैथ्यथश् 3sg फैथण तोफैथण फैथणश् तोफैथणश् 3sg फैथ्यण तोफैथ्यण फैथ्यणश् तोफैथ्यणश् 1pl फैथष तोफैथष फैथषश् तोफैथषश् 1pl फैथ्यष तोफैथ्यष फैथ्यषश् तोफैथ्यषश् 2pl फैथष्व तोफैथष्व फैथष्श्व तोफैथष्श्व 2pl फैथ्यष्व तोफैथ्यष्व फैथ्यष्श्व तोफैथ्यष्श्व 3pl फैथनैस तोफैथनैस फैथनैसश् तोफैथनैसश् 3pl फैथ्यनैस तोफैथ्यनैस फैथ्यनैसश् तोफैथ्यनैसश् imper. फैथ तोफैथ फैथश् तोफैथश् imper. फैथ्य तोफैथ्य फैथ्यश् तोफैथ्यश् past positive negative positive negative past positive negative positive negative 1sg फैथेधम तोफैथेधम फैथेधमश् तोफैथेधमश् 1sg फैथेधिम तोफैथेधिम फैथेधिमश् तोफैथेधिमश् 2sg फैथेधथ तोफैथेधथ फैथेधथश् तोफैथेधथश् 2sg फैथेधिथ तोफैथेधिथ फैथेधिथश् तोफैथेधिथश् 3sg फैथेधण तोफैथेधण फैथेधणश् तोफैथेधणश् 3sg फैथेधिण तोफैथेधिण फैथेधिणश् तोफैथेधिणश् 1pl फैथेधष तोफैथेधष फैथेधषश् तोफैथेधषश् 1pl फैथेधिष तोफैथेधिष फैथेधिषश् तोफैथेधिषश् 2pl फैथेधष्व तोफैथेधष्व फैथेधष्श्व तोफैथेधष्श्व 2pl फैथेधिष्व तोफैथेधिष्व फैथेधिष्श्व तोफैथेधिष्श्व 3pl फैथेधनैस तोफैथेधनैस फैथेधनैसश् तोफैथेधनैसश् 3pl फैथेधिनैस तोफैथेधिनैस फैथेधिनैसश् तोफैथेधिनैसश् imper. फैथेध तोफैथेध फैथेधश् तोफैथेधश् imper. फैथेधि तोफैथेधि फैथेधिश् तोफैथेधिश् future positive negative positive negative future positive negative positive negative 1sg फैथशम तोफैथशम फैथशमश् तोफैथशमश् 1sg फैथशिम तोफैथशिम फैथशिमश् तोफैथशिमश् 2sg फैथशथ तोफैथशथ फैथशथश् तोफैथशथश् 2sg फैथशिथ तोफैथशिथ फैथशिथश् तोफैथशिथश् 3sg फैथशण तोफैथशण फैथशणश् तोफैथशणश् 3sg फैथशिण तोफैथशिण फैथशिणश् तोफैथशिणश् 1pl फैथशष तोफैथशष फैथशषश् तोफैथशषश् 1pl फैथशिष तोफैथशिष फैथशिषश् तोफैथशिषश् 2pl फैथशष्व तोफैथशष्व फैथशष्श्व तोफैथशष्श्व 2pl फैथशिष्व तोफैथशिष्व फैथशिष्श्व तोफैथशिष्श्व 3pl फैथशनैस तोफैथशनैस फैथशनैसश् तोफैथशनैसश् 3pl फैथशिनैस तोफैथशिनैस फैथशिनैसश् तोफैथशिनैसश् imper. फैथश तोफैथश फैथशश् तोफैथशश् imper. फैथशि तोफैथशि फैथशिश् तोफैथशिश् conditional positive negative positive negative conditional positive negative positive negative 1sg अफैथेधम अतोफैथेधम अफैथेधमश् अतोफैथेधमश् 1sg अफैथेधिम अतोफैथेधिम अफैथेधिमश् अतोफैथेधिमश् 2sg अफैथेधथ अतोफैथेधथ अफैथेधथश् अतोफैथेधथश् 2sg अफैथेधिथ अतोफैथेधिथ अफैथेधिथश् अतोफैथेधिथश् 3sg अफैथेधण अतोफैथेधण अफैथेधणश् अतोफैथेधणश् 3sg अफैथेधिण अतोफैथेधिण अफैथेधिणश् अतोफैथेधिणश् 1pl अफैथेधष अतोफैथेधष अफैथेधषश् अतोफैथेधषश् 1pl अफैथेधिष अतोफैथेधिष अफैथेधिषश् अतोफैथेधिषश् 2pl अफैथेधष्व अतोफैथेधष्व अफैथेधष्श्व अतोफैथेधष्श्व 2pl अफैथेधिष्व अतोफैथेधिष्व अफैथेधिष्श्व अतोफैथेधिष्श्व 3pl अफैथेधनैस अतोफैथेधनैस अफैथेधनैसश् अतोफैथेधनैसश् 3pl अफैथेधिनैस अतोफैथेधिनैस अफैथेधिनैसश् अतोफैथेधिनैसश् imper. अफैथेध अतोफैथेध अफैथेधश् अतोफैथेधश् imper. अफैथेधि अतोफैथेधि अफैथेधिश् अतोफैथेधिश् Progressive conjugations of फै॑थ् (phē॑th) (class 1 strong) infinitive participle present past active passive indicative active passive subjunctive active passive present positive negative positive negative present positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. past positive negative positive negative past positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. future positive negative positive negative future positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. conditional positive negative positive negative conditional positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. Habitual conjugations of फै॑थ् (phē॑th) (class 1 strong) infinitive participle present past active passive indicative active passive subjunctive active passive present positive negative positive negative present positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. past positive negative positive negative past positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. future positive negative positive negative future positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. conditional positive negative positive negative conditional positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. Causative conjugations of फै॑थ् (phē॑th) (class 1 strong) infinitive participle present past active passive indicative active passive subjunctive active passive present positive negative positive negative present positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. past positive negative positive negative past positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. future positive negative positive negative future positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper. conditional positive negative positive negative conditional positive negative positive negative 1sg 1sg 2sg 2sg 3sg 3sg 1pl 1pl 2pl 2pl 3pl 3pl imper. imper.

Syntax

Texts

UDHR Article 1

Original (English)

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Vocabulary

Phrasebook

Greetings
Tevvotanva	English	Usage notes
	welcome
	good morning	must agree for gender
	good evening
	good day, (formal) hello
	farewell, goodbye
	hello, hi	casual
	(good)bye

Introductions
Tevvotanva	English
	what is your name?
	my name is...
	how are you?
	I am [adj], and you?
	where are you from?
	I am from...

Numerals

1	ऐ॑णंः (ē॑ṇăh)
2
3	ठाः॑ (ṭhāh॑)
4	ष्ट्वा॑र् (ṣṭvā॑r)
5	प॑च् (pa॑c)
6	स॑ख्श् (sa॑khś)
7
8
9
10
11
12

Colors

Colors in Middle Tevvic · रन्ग् (rang) (layout · text)

लौग्झ़् (lōgź), फ्लेक् (phlek)	फीम् (phīm), मोश्ग् (mośg); अस्काथ् (askāth)	स्वर्ठ् (svarṭh)
रौध् (rōdh), ओण्धोण् (oṇdhoṇ)	थुण् (thuṇ); एर्भ्न् (erbhn)	फ्लेव् (phlev), फैतात् (phētāt)
ह्रोन् (hron)	षेल्ग्व् (ṣelgv), हरित् (harit)	नील् (nīl)
अमाथ् (amāth)	हाज़्व् (hāzv)	मेचक् (mecak)
शौण् (śōṇ)	शौण् (śōṇ)	पाटल् (pāṭal)

Lexical comparison

Leipzig-Jakarta

Leipzig-Jakarta List
Rank	English	Proto-?	Tevvotanva
1	fire		[Term?]
2	nose		[Term?]
3	to go		[Term?]
4	water		[Term?]
5	mouth (body) (river)		[Term?]
6	tongue		[Term?]
7	blood		[Term?]
8	bone		[Term?]
9	2sg pronoun (you)		[Term?]
10	root		[Term?]
11	to come (move)		[Term?]
12	breast		[Term?]
13	rain		[Term?]
14	1sg pronoun (I)		[Term?]
15	name		[Term?]
16	louse (Phthirapteron)		[Term?]
17	wing		[Term?]
18	flesh/meat		[Term?]
19	arm/hand		[Term?]
20	fly (Dipteron)		[Term?]
21	night (time)		[Term?]
22	ear		[Term?]
23	neck		[Term?]
24	far (prep.)		[Term?]
25	to do/make		[Term?]
26	house/structure		[Term?]
27	stone/rock (singular)		[Term?]
28	bitter		[Term?]
29	to say		[Term?]
30	tooth		[Term?]
31	hair		[Term?]
32	big		[Term?]
33	one (number)		[Term?]
34	who?		[Term?]
35	3sg pronoun (they) (m) (f) (n)		[Term?]
36	to hit/beat		[Term?]
37	leg/foot		[Term?]
38	horn		[Term?]
39	this (pron.)		[Term?]
40	fish		[Term?]
41	yesterday		[Term?]
42	to drink		[Term?]
43	black (color)		[Term?]
44	navel		[Term?]
45	to stand		[Term?]
46	to bite		[Term?]
47	back (body)		[Term?]
48	wind		[Term?]
49	smoke (substance)		[Term?]
50	what?		[Term?]
51	child (kin term)		[Term?]
52	egg		[Term?]
53	to give		[Term?]
54	new (adj.)		[Term?]
55	to burn (intr.)		[Term?]
56	not (adj./adv.)		[Term?]
57	good	[Term?]
58	to know		[Term?]
59	knee		[Term?]
60	sand		[Term?]
61	to laugh		[Term?]
62	to hear		[Term?]
63	soil		[Term?]
64	leaf		[Term?]
65	red (color)		[Term?]
66	liver (organ)		[Term?]
67	to hide		[Term?]
68	skin/hide (animal) (general)		[Term?]
69	to suck		[Term?]
70	to carry		[Term?]
71	ant (Formid)		[Term?]
72	heavy		[Term?]
73	to take		[Term?]
74	old		[Term?]
75	to eat		[Term?]
76	thigh		[Term?]
77	thick		[Term?]
78	long (spacially)		[Term?]
79	to blow		[Term?]
80	wood		[Term?]
81	to run		[Term?]
82	to fall		[Term?]
83	eye (body-part)		[Term?]
84	ash		[Term?]
85	tail		[Term?]
86	dog		[Term?]
87	to cry/weep		[Term?]
88	to tie		[Term?]
89	to see		[Term?]
90	sweet		[Term?]
91	rope		[Term?]
92	shade/shadow		[Term?]
93	bird		[Term?]
94	salt		[Term?]
95	small		[Term?]
96	wide		[Term?]
97	star		[Term?]
98	in		[Term?]
99	hard (materially)		[Term?]
100	to crush/grind		[Term?]

See also

• Middle Tevvic dictionary