Proto-Ftseezhic

Proto-Ftseezhic is the ancestor of the Ftseezhic languages, a branch of the Mustlup family which includes Myuftseezh, Chick Corean and Dry Icelandic. It's inspired by Old English.

Numbers: sōecu, kvli, skō, mōj, fāxu, ə̄σē, czeþə̄, poŋud, cēan, xēatī, kvēotī, cīu

• > Myuftseezh: sec, kvliø, sko, moj, fax, øσiø, cziøþø, poŋd, cian, xiatiø, kviotiø, ciu
• > Dry Icelandic: sécy, pli, skó, móvi, fáhy, éσja, czjaþa, poŋyd, cján, hjáti, pjóti, cjú

Proto-Ftseezhic: > a ā ō e ə̄ ē i ī o ō u ū ea ēa eo ēo iu īu ōe ūi Myuftseezh: > ə a iə ə ie iə i o o y u ia ia io io iu iu e y Dry Icelandic: > a á ia é ié i í u ó y ú ia iá iu ió i iú é ý

Phonology

Consonants

m n ŋ p t c cz ξ k q b d dz dż dλ g f þ s sz σ x w r l j /m n ŋ p t ts tʂ tɬ k ʔ b d dz dʐ dɮ g f θ s ʂ ɬ x w r l j/

PM cluster reflexes

^B = breaking of preceding vowel (occurs before x or certain consonants/clusters, such as retroflexes/uvulars)

mp nt nts ntɬ ɳʈʂ ɳʈ ŋk ŋkʷ ŋq > mf nþ ns nσ ^Bnsz ^Bnþ nx nf ^Bnx

mb nd ndz ndɮ ɳɖʐ ɳɖ ŋg ŋgʷ ŋɢ > mb nd ndz ndλ ^Bndż ^Bnd ng mb ^Bng

mpʼ ntʼ ntsʼ ntɬʼ ɳʈʂʼ ɳʈʼ ŋkʼ ŋkʷʼ ŋqʼ > mp nt nc nξ ^Bncz ^Bnt nk mp ^Bnk

mm ml mɭ mn mɳ mŋ mj mʔ > mm ml ^Bmr mn ^Bmn mŋ mj mq

ll lm ln ɭɳ lŋ ly lʔ ɭɭ > ll lm ln ^Brn lŋ ly lq rr

nm nn nʔ ɳɳ ɳʔ ŋm ŋn ŋŋ ŋʔ > nm nn nq rr ^Brq ŋm ŋn ŋŋ ŋq

lp lt lts ltɬ ɭʈʂ ɭʈ lk lkʷ lq lb ld ldz ldɮ ɭɖʐ ɭɖ lg lgʷ lɢ lpʼ ltʼ ltsʼ ltɬʼ ɭʈʂʼ ɭʈʼ lkʼ lkʷʼ lqʼ > lf lþ ls σσ ^Brsz Rrt lk lp ^Brk lb ld ldz ll ^Brdż ^Brd lg lb ^Brg

sp st stɬ ʂʈ sk skʷ sq spʼ stʼ stɬʼ ʂʈʼ skʼ skʷʼ sqʼ sb sd sdɮ ʂɖ sg sgʷ sɢ > sp st sξ Rszt sk sp Rsk sp sp st sξ ^Bszt sk sp Rsk sp sb zd zλ Rżd zg zb ^Bzg

tsp tst ʈʂʈ tsk tskʷ tsq > sp st ^Bszt sk sp ^Bsk

tsʼpʼ tsʼtʼ ʈʂʼʈʼ tsʼkʼ tsʼkʷʼ tsʼqʼ > cp ct ^Bczt ck cp ^Bck

sm sn ʂɳ sŋ sl ʂɭ sw sj sʔ > sn sn ^Bszn sŋ sl ^Bszr sw sj sq

tsm tsn ʈʂɳ tsŋ tsl tʂɭ tsw tsj > sm sn ^Bszn sŋ sl ^Bszr sw sj

dzm dzn ɖʐɳ dzŋ dzl ɖʐɭ dzw dzj > zm zn ^Bżn zŋ zl ^Bżr zw zj

tsʼm tsʼn ʈʂʼɳ tsʼŋ > cm cn ^Bczn cŋ

ɬp ɬt ɬʈ ɬk ɬkʷ ɬq ɬpʼ ɬtʼ ɬʈʼ ɬkʼ ɬkʷʼ ɬqʼ > σp σt ^Bσt σk σp ^Bσk

ɬb ɬd ɬɖ ɬg ɬgʷ ɬɢ > lb ld ^Bld lg lb ^Blg

tɬp tɬt tɬʈ tɬk tɬkʷ tɬq tɬʼpʼ tɬʼtʼ tɬʼʈʼ tɬkʼ tɬkʷʼ tɬqʼ > σp σξ ^Bσξ σk σp ^Bσk ξp ξξ ^Bξξ ξk ξp ^Bξk

ɬm ɬn ɬɳ ɬŋ ɬw ɬj tɬm tɬn tɬɳ tɬŋ tɬw tɬj > σm σn ^Bσr σŋ σw σj σm σn ^Bσr σŋ σw σj

dɮm dɮn dɮɳ dɮŋ dɮw dɮj > λm λn ^Bλn λŋ λw λj

tɬʼm tɬʼn tɬʼɳ tɬʼŋ tɬʼw tɬʼj > ξm ξn ^Bξn ξŋ ξw ξj

pt pʈ pk pkʷ pq pd pɖ pɡ pɡʷ pɢ pʼtʼ pʼʈʼ pʼkʼ pʼkʷʼ pʼqʼ > ft ft ^Bfk pp ^Bfk bd bd bg bb ^Bbg pt ^Bpt pk pp ^Bpk

tp tk tkʷ tq tb tg tgʷ tɢ t'p' t'k' t'kʷ' t'q' > þp þk þp ^Bþk db dg db ^Bdg tp tk tp ^Btk

kp kt kʈ kb kd kɖ k'p' k't' k'ʈ' kʷt kʷʈ kʷd kʷɖ kʷ't' kʷ'ʈ' qp qʈ q'p' q'ʈ' > ^Bxp ^Bxt ^Bxt gb gd ^Bgd kp kt ^Bkt ft ^Bft vd ^Bvd pt ^Bpt ^Bxp ^Bxt ^Bkp ^Bkt

ps pɬ pʂ pts ptɬ pʈʂ pdz pdɮ pɖʐ p'ts' p'tɬ' p'tʂ' > fs fσ ^Bfsz fc fξ ^Bfcz vdz vdλ ^Bvdż pc pξ ^Bpcz

ks kɬ kʂ kts ktɬ kʈʂ kdz kdɮ kɖʐ k'ts' k'tɬ' k'ʈʂ' qɬ qʂ > ^Bks ^Bkσ ^Bksz ^Bxc ^Bxξ ^Bxcz gdz gdλ ^Bgdż kc kξ ^Bkcz ^Bkσ ^Bksz

pn pɳ pŋ pl pɭ pj bj tm tn ʈɳ tŋ tl ʈɭ tj dj tsj dzj tɬj dɮj km kn kɳ kŋ kl kɭ kj kʷm kʷn kʷɳ kʷl kʷɭ qm qɳ qŋ qɭ > fn ^Bfn fŋ fl ^Bfr fj bj þm þn ^Bþn þŋ þl ^Bþr þj dj sj dzj σj λj ^Bxm ^Bxn ^Bxn ^Bxŋ ^Bxl ^Bxr ^Bxj xm fn ^Bfn fl ^Bfr ^Bxm ^Bxr ^Bxŋ ^Bxr

pʼn pʼɳ pʼŋ pʼl pʼɭ pʼj tʼm tʼn ʈʼɳ ʼtŋ tʼl ʈʼɭ tʼj tsʼj tɬʼj kʼm kʼn kʼɳ kʼŋ kʼl kʼɭ kʷʼm kʷʼn kʷʼɳ kʷʼl kʷʼɭ qʼm qʼɳ qʼŋ qʼɭ > pn ^Bpn pŋ pl ^Bpr pj tm tn ^Btn tŋ tl ^Btr tj cj ξj km kn ^Bkn kŋ kl ^Bkr pm pn ^Bpn pl ^Bpr ^Bkm ^Bkr ^Bkŋ ^Bkr

xm xn xɳ xŋ xp xt xʈ xk xʔ xb xd xɖ xɡ xɡʷ xɢ xpʼ xtʼ xʈʼ xkʼ xs xɬ xʂ xts xtɬ xtʂ xdz xdɮ xdʐ xtsʼ xtɬʼ xtʂʼ xl xɭ xj xʷm xʷn xʷɳ xʷŋ xʷp xʷt xʷʈ xʷkʷ xʷʔ xʷb xʷd xʷɖ xʷɡʷ xʷpʼ xʷtʼ xʷʈʼ xʷkʷʼ xʷs xʷɬ xʷʂ xʷts xʷtɬ xʷtʂ xʷdz xʷdɮ xʷdʐ xʷtsʼ xʷtɬʼ xʷtʂʼ xʷl xʷɭ xʷj χm χn χɳ χŋ χp χt χʈ χq χʔ χb χd χɖ χɢ χpʼ χtʼ χʈʼ χqʼ χs χɬ χʂ χts χtɬ χtʂ χdz χdɮ χdʐ χtsʼ χtɬʼ χtʂʼ χl χɭ χj > see laryngeal reflexes.

mx nx ɳx ŋx px tx ʈx kx bx dx ɖx ɡx pʼx tʼx ʈʼx kʼx sx ɬx ʂx tsx tɬx tʂx dzx dɮx dʐx tsʼx tɬʼx tʂʼx lx ɭx mxʷ nxʷ ɳxʷ ŋxʷ pxʷ txʷ ʈxʷ kʷxʷ ʔxʷ bxʷ dxʷ ɖxʷ ɡʷxʷ pʼxʷ tʼxʷ ʈʼxʷ kʷʼxʷ sxʷ ɬxʷ ʂxʷ tsxʷ tɬxʷ tʂxʷ dzxʷ dɮxʷ dʐxʷ tsʼxʷ tɬʼxʷ tʂʼxʷ lxʷ ɭxʷ mχ nχ ɳχ ŋχ pχ tχ ʈχ qχ ʔχ bχ dχ ɖχ ɢχ pʼχ tʼχ ʈʼχ qʼχ sχ ɬχ ʂχ tsχ tɬχ tʂχ dzχ dɮχ dʐχ tsʼχ tɬʼχ tʂʼχ lχ ɭχ mh nh ɳh ŋh ph th ʈh kh kʷh qh bh dh ɖh ɡh ɡʷh ɢh tsh tɬh tʂh dzh dɮh dʐh lh ɭh > laryngeal vanishes

ʔm ʔn ʔɳ ʔŋ ʔp ʔt ʔʈ ʔk ʔkʷ ʔq ʔb ʔd ʔɖ ʔɡ ʔɡʷ ʔɢ ʔpʼ ʔtʼ ʔʈʼ ʔkʼ ʔkʷʼ ʔqʼ ʔs ʔɬ ʔʂ ʔx ʔxʷ ʔχ ʔts ʔtɬ ʔtʂ ʔdz ʔdɮ ʔdʐ ʔtsʼ ʔtɬʼ ʔtʂʼ ʔw ʔl ʔɭ ʔj hm hn hɳ hŋ hp ht hʈ hk hkʷ hq hb hd hɖ hɡ hɡʷ hɢ hpʼ htʼ hʈʼ hkʼ hkʷʼ hqʼ hs hɬ hʂ hts htɬ htʂ hdz hdɮ hdʐ htsʼ htɬʼ htʂʼ hl hɭ hj > h disappears earlier, lengthening a ə i u > ā ə̄ ī ū; rest of the clusters remain the same, except ʔp ʔt ʔʈ ʔk ʔkʷ ʔq ʔb ʔd ʔɖ ʔɡ ʔɡʷ ʔɢ > qp qt ^Bqt qk ^Bqk qp qt ^Bqt qk ^Bqk

Vowels

Laryngeal reflexes to Pre-Ftseezhic

• x: a ə i u > ā ə̄ ī ū
• xʷ: a ə i u > ō ō iw ū
• x̌: ā ā ē ō
• əy > ē

Breaking

Pre-Ftseezhic: a ay ə ə̄ ē i ī o ā/ō u ū a+breaking aw/ā+breaking/u-umlaut ə+breaking əw/ə̄+breaking i+breaking iw əy uy

Proto-Ftseezhic: > a ā e ə̄ ē i ī o ō u ū ea ēa eo ēo iu īu ōe ūi

• Myuftseezh: > ə a iə ə ie iə i o o y u ia ia io io iu iu e y
• Dry Icelandic: > a á ja é jé i í u ó y ú ja já ju jó i jú é ý (unstressed: a a ja a ja i i a a y y ja ja ja ja i i y y)

a ā + u-umlaut = o ēa