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Old Zoki is the reconstructed common ancestor of Zoki and a few closely related languages spoken in Myanmar. It is part of the North Rttirrian branch of the Rttirrian family of languages, and a direct descendant of Proto-North-Rttirrian.
Phonology
Consonants
Old Zoki possessed the following consonants:
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Retroflex | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | *m /m/ | *n /n/ | *rn /ɳ/ | |||
| Plosive | *p /p/ *b /b/ |
*t /t/ *d /d/ |
*k /k/ *g /g/ |
*rt /ʈ/ *rd /ɖ/ | ||
| Fricative | *f /ɸ/ *v /β/ |
*s /s/ *z /z/ |
*sh /ʃ/ *zh /ʒ/ |
*kh /x/ | ||
| Approximant | *y /j/ | *rl /ɭ/ *rr /ɻ/ |
Vowels
The following vowels were used:
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | |
| High | *i /i/ | *ī /iː/ | *u /u/ | *ū /uː/ | ||
| Mid-high | *e /e/ | *ē /eː/ | *o /o/ | *ō /oː/ | ||
| Low-mid | *â /ɔ/ | *ấ /ɔː/ | ||||
| Low | *a /ä/ | *ā /äː/ | ||||
Grammar
Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below.
Note that Form V was marginal and only applicable to a handful of verb roots, mostly relating to ______ or ______.
| Forms | Examples | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Form | Past | Present | Future | Gerund | Meaning | Biliteral root: k-b (to stop) | Triliteral root: t-j-n (to bother) |
| I | _ō_(e_) | _ē_(e_) | _ē_(?_) | _ē_(?_) | to undergo a process emphatically or suddenly | kēb – he stops suddenly | tējen – he goes crazy |
| II | _ā_(a_) | _ā_(a_) | _ī_(?_) | _ấ_(?_) | to undergo a process weakly or gradually | kāb – he slows to a halt | tājan – he hesitates |
| III | _i_ō(_e) | _i_ē(_e) | _i_ē(_?) | _i_ē(_?) | to act on someone/something emphatically or suddenly | kibē – he causes to stop suddenly | tijēne – he completely disrupts |
| IV | _i_ā(_a) | _i_ā(_a) | _i_ī(_?) | _i_ấ(_?) | to act on someone/something weakly or gradually | kibā – he drags to a halt | tijāna – he annoys |
| V | |||||||