User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51
IlL/Spare pages 1/51/Lexicon
IlL/Spare pages 1/51/Swadesh list
IlL/Spare pages 1/51/Names
| IlL/Spare pages 1/51 | |
|---|---|
| an IlL/Spare pages 1/51 | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|ə ˈʃtʃoːʟʊ]] |
| Created by | – |
| Setting | IlL/Spare pages 1/51verse |
| Native speakers | 100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers) (fT 1670dd (2676)) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | qtg |
IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is a Talmic language somewhat inspired by Irish. In Tricin, it is an analogue of German in terms of influence and grammar. IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is an official language of Sċôla and Sċôlan colonies and is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is a descendant of Thensarian. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called Eħa /ˈɛħə/ in IlL/Spare pages 1/51) on the planet of Clotricin. Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern IlL/Spare pages 1/51 rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, IlL/Spare pages 1/51 still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.
Originally I called this language Tíogall, or variants, and it was a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?". For a while it developed as an Irish-German hybrid. At one point I decided to remove all "giblangs" from modern Tricin, or languages with the aesthetics of one natlang (unless the premise was funny, like Bhadhagha or Phormatolidin). Since Tíogall was basically an Irish with German characteristics, it was abandoned. I still decided that Talmic languages needed somewhat more internal diversity (in particular, a "German" analogue to Eevo's "English"), so I decided to revive this project. Since I don't want a German analogue to be so obviously Hiberno-German, this time I'm eschewing obviously German features in the aesthetic such as front rounded vowels, and I'm trying a somewhat Old English aesthetic. Also grammar-wise, while keeping a somewhat Celtic grammar (e.g. mutations, head-initial syntax), I'm playing with decidedly non-Celtic grammatical features such as split-ergativity (which was in my original Tíogall), and a singulative-collective-plurative system, and an imperfective-perfective aspectual distinction.
Todo
- Should have had more dh's
- Single vs. double negatives: use both, do something weird
Notes
Symbols
- i - i-umlaut
- L - lenition/aspiration
- N - eclipsis
Phonology
The following describes Sċôlu as spoken in Srâħar.
Stress
In native words, primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions. In loans, stress may not be initial; in that case, vowels before the stressed syllable are not reduced.
Consonants
IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 25 consonants. The phonology is unusual for having two liquids that do not distinguish "rhoticity".
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ŋ /ŋ/ | ||||
| Stop | fortis | p /p/ | t /t/ | c /k/ | (ʔ) | |||
| lenis | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Affricate | fortis | ts /ts/ | tx, ċ /tʃ/ | |||||
| lenis | /dz/ | /dʒ/ | ||||||
| Spirant | unvoiced | f /f/ | /x/ | /ħ/ | ||||
| voiced | v /v/ | /ɣ/ | /ʕ/ | |||||
| Sibilant | s /s/ | x /ʃ/ | h /h/ | |||||
| Liquid | r /ɾ~ɺ~l/ | l /ʟ/ | ||||||
| Approximant | j /j/ | |||||||
- Notes
- The initial cluster /stʃ/ becomes /ʃtʃ/.
- An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).
- Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially; voiced stops devoice after voiceless sounds.
- Smeola IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.
- /n, t, d/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪].
- /s/ is laminal alveolar [s].
- The coronal liquid /ɺ/ has 3 allophones broadly:
- After a consonant, it is a postalveolar [ɾ̞].
- Word-initially or intervocalically, it is a postalveolar [ɾ], [l̠̆] or [l̆].
- Before a consonant or word-finally, it is a prevelar approximant [j̠] or a postalveolar [l̠] with varying resonances (though never velarized) depending on speaker.
- /ŋ, k, g/ are usually velar [ŋ, k, g], but are often labialized pharyngealized uvular [qʷ, qʷˁ, ɢʷˁ] next to /ʀ~ʟ/. /kʟ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ].
- /ŋ, k, g, x, ɣ/ are prevelar before front vowels.
- The uvular liquid, transcribed as /ʟ/ for convenience' sake, has the following allophones:
- The allophone occuring before vowels is a pharyngealized uvular flap [ɢ̆ᵝˤ] or trill [ʀᵝˤ] in careful speech which devoices to [χᵝˤ] after an aspirate or another fricative. In casual speech it tends to become an approximant [ʁᵝ] or velar [ɰᵝ].
- The allophone occuring before consonants is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant with compressed rounding [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L.
- In classical singing and drama, [ɫ] is used in all positions.
- After a vowel, /ɣ/ colloquially disappears with compensatory lengthening of the vowel if the vowel is short (unless the /ɣ/ begins a stressed syllable.)
Fortis and lenis resonants
Certain conservative accents and dialects preserve to varying degrees the Old Eevo distinction between fortis and lenis resonants: /l L n N r R/. In fact, the Tumacaimh dialect has:
- /l/ > /ʁᵝˤ/
- /L/ > /l̪ˠ/
- /n/ > /ð̞̃/
- /N/ > /n/
- /r/ > /ɹ/
- /R/ > /ɾ/
Mutations
| Grapheme | m | p | b | f | n | t | d | s* | x | r | ŋ | c | g | l | ħ | 0 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | /m/ | /p/ | /b/ | /f/ | /n/ | /t/ | /d/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /ɺ~l/ | /ŋ/ | /k/, /tʃ/ | /g/, /dʒ/ | /ʟ/ | /h/ | /ʔ/ | |
| Lenited | mh | ph | bh | fh | - | th | dh | sh | - | - | - | ch | gh | - | - | h- | |
| IPA | /v/ | /f/ | /v/ | /h/ | - | /ħ/ | /ʕ/ | /h/ | silent | - | - | - | /x/, /ʃ/ | /ɣ/, /j/ | - | - | /h/ |
| Eclipsed | - | bp | mb | bhf | - | dt | nd | - | - | - | - | gc | ŋg | - | - | n- | |
| IPA | - | /b/ | /m/ | /v/ | - | /d/ | /n/ | /z/ | - | - | - | /g/, /dʒ/ | /ŋ/ | - | - | /n/ |
*The clusters written sp, st, sc do not mutate.
Vowels
IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a somewhat complex vowel system, with a tense-lax distinction and the effects of L-vocalization.
| Front | Central | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |||
| short | long | short | long | short | short | long | |
| Close | /ɪ/ | /iː/ | /ɨ/ | /ʉː/ | /ʊ/ | [uː] | |
| Mid | /ɛ/ | /eː/ | /ə/ | /ɵː/ | [ɤˁ] | /ɔ/ | [oː] |
| Open | /a/ | /aː/ | |||||
Diphthongs: /iə uə aw ɛj ɛw ɛ:j ɛ:w iəw uəj/
The vowels /ə/ and /ɨ/ occur only in unstressed syllables; they merge before l.
L-colored vowels
L-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the back liquid /ʟ/ (phonetic values are as in Smeola IlL/Spare pages 1/51):
- /iː/, /iə/ + /ʟ/ > /iʟ/ [iɤˁ]
- /ɪ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɪʟ/ [ɪɤˁ]
- /ʊ/, /ʉː/, /uə/ + /ʟ/ > /ʊʟ/ [ʊˁː~ʊɤˁ]
- /eː/ + /ʟ/ > /eʟ/ [eɤˁ]
- /ɛ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɛʟ/ [ɛɤˁ]
- /ɔ/, /ɵː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɔʟ/ [ɔˁː~ɔɤˁ]
- /ɐ/, /aː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɑʟ/ [ɒˁː~ɑɤˁ]
Accents that are lambdic may realize the /ʟ/ in one of several ways (pharyngealization, nasalization, [ɴ], [ʀ]). Non-lambdic accents are those in which vocalization of l after vowels is complete; the L-coloring is purely a difference in vowel quality and displays no secondary articulation.
Notes
Close vowels
- /iː/ is close front unrounded [iː] (listen).
- /iə/ is phonetically [iə] (listen).
- /iʟ/ is phonetically [iːɤˁ] (listen).
- /ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.
- /uə/ is phonetically [uə] or [ʊə] (listen). It is a monophthong [uː] for some speakers.
- /ʊʟ/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
- In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
- /ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] (listen).
- /ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.
Mid vowels
- /eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː] (listen).
- /eʟ/ is phonetically [eːɤˁ] (listen).
- /ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.
- /ɔʟ/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
- In careful speech, this is a diphthong [oɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
- /ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽] (listen).
- /ɛʟ/ is phonetically [ɛ̞ɤˁ] (listen).
- [ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] in pausa.
- [ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
- /ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.
Open vowels
- /aː/ is central unrounded [äː] (listen); historically, upper-class accents used [ɑː].
- /a/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ] (listen).
- /ɑʟ/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɑɤˁ] or [äɤˁ] (listen).
Umlaut
Vowels in the first syllable of roots may undergo i-mutation or umlaut or under the addition of some affixes.
Phonotactics
Allowed initial clusters in roots (in native words), not counting clusters from initial mutations:
- bl br cl cn cr dl dr fl fr gl gn gr ml mn mr ŋl ŋr (pl) (pr) sc scl scr (sp) sl sm sn sñ sŋ sr st tn tl tr
Prosody
IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a distinctive intonation paradigm.
- In declarative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word (if there is no focused constituent, the last word) has a lower pitch than the immediately preceding syllable. ("...mid ꜜ LOW mid...") This originates from discursive uptalk in older forms of IlL/Spare pages 1/51, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few accents, such as Tumacan accents, do not use this pattern.
- In interrogative sentences, the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the syllable immediately before. ("... mid ꜛ HIGH mid ... ?")
- In exclamations, the pattern is "... mid ꜜ LOW-HIGH mid ... !", possibly with a gradual drop to low pitch in the end. Angry or indignant questions also use an exclamatory intonation.
Dialectology
IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation.
/ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones before /ɾ~l/ in some accents.