User:IlL/Spare pages 1/2

< User:IlL‎ | Spare pages 1
Revision as of 22:09, 7 May 2017 by IlL (talk | contribs) (Created page with "==Phonology== ===Consonants=== {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 750px; text-align: center;" |+'''Netagin consonants''' |- ! colspan="14"|Consonants |- ! colspan...")
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)

Phonology

Consonants

Netagin consonants
Consonants
Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
plain pharyngealized plain pharyngealized
Nasals m, mb /mˠ~mʲ/ n, nd, nˀ, nh /nˠ~ȵ/ nˤ, nḥ /nˤ/ ng /ɲ~ŋ/
Plosives voiceless p /pˠ~pʲ/ t /tˠ~t͡ɕ/ /tˤ~ɗˤ/ c /c~k/ q /q/ ˀ /ʔ/
voiced b, bp /bˠ~bʲ/ d, dt /dˠ~d͡ʑ/ dṭ /dˤ/ g, gc /ɟ~g/ gq /ɢ/
Fricatives voiceless f, ph /fˠ~fʲ/ th /θ/ ṭh /fˤ~θˤ/ s /sˠ~ɕ/ š /ʂˠ~ʃ/ ch /ç~x/ qh /χ/ ḥ, fh /ħ/ h /h~ɦ/
voiced bh /vˠ~vʲ/ dh /ð/ z /zˠ~ʑ/ gh /(j~)ʝ~ɣ/ r /ʁ~ʀ/ ˁ /ʕ/
Approximants mh, mhf /w~vʲ/ y /j(~ʝ)/
Lateral app. l /ɫ~ʎ/
Lateral fric. ś /ɬ/
Lateral aff. tz /tɬ/

The phoneme /tˤ/ is commonly realized as an implosive, [ɗˤ] word-initially.

In the standard pronunciation (but not in all dialects; notably not in the Ṭašálí dialect) all consonants except /j/, pharyngealized coronals, uvulars, gutturals (pharyngeals and glottals), lateral fricatives and affricates and dental fricatives are strongly palatalized when preceding a front vowel and (especially for coronals) velarized before a back vowel. (Some speakers also velarize and palatalize lateral obstruents /ɬ/ and /tɬ/.) This serves to more clearly distinguish plain consonants from their emphatic counterparts.

Phoneme /ɣ/ /x/ /g/ /k/ /ŋ/ /ʂ/ /l/ /z/ /s/ /d/ /t/ /n/ /w/ /v/ /f/ /b/ /p/ /m/
Velarized [ɣ] [x] [g] [k] [ŋ] [ʂˠ] [ɫ] [zˠ] [sˠ] [dˠ] [tˠ] [nˠ] [w] [vˠ] [fˠ] [bˠ] [pˠ] [mˠ]
Palatalized [ʝ(~j)] [ç] [ɟ] [c] [ɲ] [ʃ] [ʎ] [ʑ] [ɕ] [d͡ʑ] [t͡ɕ] [ȵ] [vʲ] [fʲ] [bʲ] [pʲ] [mʲ]

Y and slender gh are merged by many speakers.

Vowels

The vowels written with an acute accent can be analyzed as long vowels or tense vowels; one or more of both pronunciations may be realized simultaneously.

Vowels
Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close í /i(ː)/ [ɨ] ú /u(ː)/
Near-close i /ɪ/ u /ʊ/
Close-mid é /e(ː)/ [ɘ] ó /o(ː)/
Mid
Open-mid e /ɛ/ [ɜ] o /ɔ/
Near-open
Open a /ä/ á /ɒ(ː)/

Front vowels /i e ɛ/ are centralized to [ɨ ɘ ɜ] after pharyngealized or uvular consonants.

Vowels are nasalized before /ʕ/, /ħ/ and /ʁ/.

Stress

In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable.