Guide:Glossing
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This guide is to illustrate traditional interlinear glossing.
Rules:
- Word-by-word alignment
- Morpheme-by-morpheme correspondence
- Grammatical category labels
- One-to-many correspondences
- Person and number labels
- Non-overt elements
- Inherent categories
- Bipartite elements
- Infixes
- Reduplication
Glossing key
Abbreviations beginning with n- (a common prefix for non-) or ending with -z (a common suffix for -izer) may not be listed separately. For example, (trz) transitivizer is not listed, as it is composable from (tr) transitive + (-z) -izer.
| Gloss | Meaning |
|---|---|
| › | direction of transitivity or possession (2›3 may mean 2 acts on 3; 1sg›sg may mean a 1sg possessor and a singular possessum) |
| 0 | zero (null), covert form (such as gender in a language where the word doesn't show it) |
| 1 | first person |
| 2 | second person |
| 3 | third person |
| A | agent-like argument of canonical transitive verb |
| abe | abessive case (aka caritive case or privative case: 'without') |
| abl | ablative case ('from') |
| abs | absolutive case |
| acc | accusative case |
| accom | accompanier |
| act | active voice, actor role |
| adj | adjective |
| ade | adessive case ('at'; more specific than loc) |
| adm | admonitive mood (warning) |
| adv | adverb(ial), adverbial case |
| aff | affirmative mood |
| ag, agt | agentive case (cf act) |
| agr | agreement |
| all | allative case ('to') |
| al, alloc | allocutive agreement |
| alien | alienable possession |
| an | animate gender (cf r) |
| and | andative case (going towards: cf venitive) |
| ant | anterior tense (used for prf in some traditions) |
| ante | antessive case ('before') |
| antic | anticausative |
| antip, ap | antipassive voice |
| aor | aorist (= pfv or pst.pfv) |
| app | apposition |
| apl, appl | applicative voice |
| appr | apprehensive mood |
| aprx | approximative |
| art | article |
| asp | aspect |
| ass | associative case (= com), assumptive mood, assertive |
| at | agent trigger (= av agent voice) |
| att | attenuative; attributive (= attr) |
| aud | auditory evidential |
| aug | augmentative |
| aux | auxiliary verb |
| b | core benefactive |
| be | 'be' verb (a conflation of exist and cop) |
| ben | benefactive case ('for') |
| c | common gender; complementizer |
| cap | (cap)ability, modal case |
| cau, caus | causative |
| cent | centric case |
| cf | counterfactual conditional |
| circ | circumfix |
| cit | citation form |
| cl, clf | classifier |
| cnj | conjunction (= conj) |
| cnsq | consequential |
| col | collective plural |
| com | comitative case ('together with') |
| comp | comparative; complementizer |
| compl, cpl | completive aspect |
| conc | concessive |
| cond | conditional mood |
| conj | conjunction (= cnj) |
| conn | connective particle |
| cont, ctn | continuative aspect |
| cntr | contrastive |
| cop | copula |
| cor | coreference |
| cras | crastinal tense ('tomorrow') |
| crs | current relevance marker (as in the perfect) |
| cvb | converb |
| d | core dative case |
| dat | dative case |
| de | different event, change of event (cf ds) |
| dec, decl | declarative mood |
| def | definite |
| dei, deix | deixis, deictic |
| del | delayed imperative (a command to do s.t. later) |
| del | delative case ('off of'), deliberative mood |
| dem | demonstrative |
| deo | deontic mood |
| dep | dependent (as in dep.fut) |
| des, desi | desiderative mood |
| dest | destinative aspect |
| det | determiner |
| detr | detransitive |
| dh | motion downhill, seaward (cf dr) |
| dim | diminutive |
| dir | direct evidential (= exp); directional (= lat); direct case |
| disj | disjunction |
| dist | distal demonstrative |
| distr | distributive case |
| ditr | ditransitive |
| dlm | delimited |
| dm | discourse marker |
| do | direct object |
| dr | motion downriver (cf dh) |
| ds | different-subject (change of subject) marker (cf de) |
| du | dual number |
| dub | dubitative mood |
| dur | durative aspect, continuous aspect |
| dy, dyad | dyadic |
| dyn | dynamic aspect |
| e | epenthetic morpheme |
| -e | (used to form various -essive cases) |
| ela | elative case ('out of') |
| emp | emphatic |
| epis | epistemic mood, epistemic modality |
| erg | ergative case |
| ess | essive case |
| ev, evid | evidential |
| evit | evitative case (= aversive case) |
| ex, excl | exclusive person |
| exclam | exclamative |
| ex.dur | excessive duration |
| exist | existential ('there is') |
| exo | exocentric case |
| exp, exper | experiential, eyewitness, = direct evidential |
| expl | expletive (dummy / meaningless form) |
| f, fem | feminine gender |
| fact | factive evidential |
| fam | familiar register (as the T-V distinction) |
| fin | finite verb |
| foc | focus |
| form | formal register (as the T-V distinction) |
| fp | final particle (joshi) |
| fr, freq | frequentative aspect |
| fmr | former, deceased |
| fut | future tense |
| g | gender (G4 = the 4th gender) |
| gen | genitive case |
| ger | gerund |
| gno | gnomic (generic) aspect |
| gt | goal trigger (Austronesian; = gv goal voice) |
| hab | habitual aspect |
| hbl | humble register |
| hest | hesternal tense ('yesterday') |
| hist | historic(al), as in historical present or past historic tense |
| hod | hodiernal tense ('today') |
| hon | honorific |
| hort | hortative, |
| hsy | hearsay, reported evidential |
| hum | human, anthropic gender (cf. hbl; r) |
| hyp | hypothetical mood |
| i | inflected |
| id | identical (~ nid) |
| identif | identifiable |
| ideo | ideophone (≈ mim) |
| ignor | ignorative |
| ill | illative case ('into') |
| imm | immediate, as in immediate imperative mood, near future tense |
| imp | imperative mood |
| imperf | imperfect (= pst.ipfv) |
| imprec | imprecative mood |
| imprs | impersonal verb |
| in, incl | inclusive person |
| inal | inalienable possession |
| inan | inanimate gender |
| inch, incho, incep | inchoative aspect, inceptive aspect |
| incl | inclusive person (= in) |
| ind | indicative mood |
| indf, ndef | indefinite |
| ine | inessive case ('in') |
| inf | infinitive |
| infer, infr | inferential evidential |
| inel | inelative case ('from within') |
| ins | instrumental case |
| int | intensifier; interrogative (= q) |
| inten | intentional |
| intr, ntr | intransitive (covers an intransitive case for the S argument) |
| inv | inverse |
| io | indirect object |
| ipfv | imperfective aspect (= npfv) |
| irr | irrealis mood |
| is | indirect speech |
| iter | iterative aspect |
| jus | jussive mood |
| -l | (used to form various -lative cases) |
| l2 | second language (code-switching) |
| lat | lative case (= mvmt, direction) |
| ld | locative case + directional |
| lk | linker |
| loc | locative case (includes essive case) |
| log | logophoric |
| m, masc | masculine gender |
| man | manner |
| mid | middle voice |
| mim | mimetic (≈ ideo) |
| mir | (ad)mirative |
| mod | mood, modal, modal case |
| mom | single action verb (not iterative) |
| mvt | movement |
| n, neut | neuter gender |
| n- | non- (e.g. nsg non-singular, npst non-past, nf non-feminine) |
| neg | negation, negative |
| nh | non-human |
| nmz, nz, nomi | nominalizer/nominalization |
| nom | nominative case |
| ns | non-subject (Latin 'oblique case') |
| ntr, intr | intransitive (covers an intransitive case for the S argument) |
| num | numeral |
| O | patient-like argument (object) of canonical transitive verb (= P) |
| obj, ob | object |
| obl | oblique case |
| obv | obviative |
| opt | optative mood |
| P | patient-like argument of canonical transitive verb (= O) |
| p | pre-, post- (p.hod prehodiernal) |
| part | participle (= ptcp,pcp); particle (= ptcl); partitive case (= ptv) |
| pas, pass | passive voice |
| pat | patientive (= und) |
| pa, pau | paucal number |
| peg | pegative case (a special case for the giver) |
| per | perlative case ('per', using) |
| perf, prf | perfect[*] (= ret) |
| pers | personal |
| pfv | perfective aspect |
| pl | plural |
| plu, plur | pluractional |
| pm | phrase marker, predicate marker |
| pn, pro | pronoun |
| po | primary object |
| pol | polite register |
| pos, poss | possessive marker |
| post | postposition, postpositional case |
| poste | postessive case ('after') |
| pot | potential mood (a possible conditional) |
| pp | past / passive participle |
| ppp | past passive participle |
| ppfv | past perfective |
| pr | proper noun |
| pred | predicative |
| prec | precative mood (requests) |
| prep | preposition, prepositional case |
| pres, prs | present tense |
| presp | present participle |
| pret, prt | preterite (= pfv.pst) |
| prf, perf | perfect (= ret) |
| prs, pres | present tense |
| prob | probability |
| prog | progressive aspect |
| proh | prohibitive mood ('don't!') |
| prol | prolative case (= via) |
| prop | propositive mood |
| prot | protasis |
| prox | proximal/proximate |
| pst | past tense |
| pt | patient trigger |
| ptcl, ptc | particle |
| ptcp,pcp | participle |
| ptv | partitive case ('some of') |
| purp | purposive |
| q | question word or particle (= int) |
| quot | quotative case or mood (marks quoted speech) |
| r | rational gender (thinking beings) |
| real | realis mood |
| rec | recent past tense |
| recp | reciprocal voice |
| ref | referential |
| refl | reflexive voice |
| rel | relative(izer) |
| rem | remote past tense |
| rep | reported evidential (= hsy); repetitive (cf iter) |
| res | resultative; resumptive |
| ret | retrospective (synonym for 'perfect' in some traditions) |
| rfr | referential |
| S | single argument of canonical intransitive verb (cf cit) |
| sbj, sub | subject |
| sbjv, sjv | subjunctive mood |
| se | same event (cf ss) |
| sem | semelfactive aspect ('once') |
| sens | sensory evidential mood (= vis+aud |
| seq | sequential |
| sg | singular (but 1.sg = 1s, 3masc.sg = 3ms) |
| sgv | singulative number |
| sim | simultaneous aspect; similative |
| sjv, sbjv | subjunctive mood |
| spec | specifier; speculative mood |
| ss | same-subject (cf se) |
| stat, stv | stative aspect, stative verb |
| sub, su | subject |
| subr, subord, sbrd, sr | subordinator |
| sube | subessive case ('under') |
| subl | sublative case ('onto', 'down onto') |
| sup(l) | superlative (supl); supine; supplicative |
| supe | superessive case ('on') |
| -t | trigger (used for at, pt) |
| tam | tense, aspect, or mood |
| tel | telic aspect (cf pfv) |
| temp | temporal case |
| term | terminative case |
| tns | tense |
| top | topic |
| tr, trans | transitive verb |
| transl | translative case (becoming) |
| tri | trial number |
| trn | trans-numeral (neither sg nor pl) |
| tvf | truth-value focus |
| u | uninflected |
| uh | motion uphill, inland (cf ur) |
| und | undergoer role (cf pat) |
| ur | motion upriver (cf uh) |
| usit | usitative |
| v, vb | verb(al) |
| vbz | verbalizer |
| vd | verb, ditransitive |
| ven | venitive (coming towards; cf andative) |
| ver | veridical mood (a certain conditional) |
| via | vialis case |
| vis | visible, visual |
| vi | verb, intransitive |
| vn | verbal noun |
| voc | vocative case |
| vol | volitive mood |
| vt | verb, transitive |
| wh.q | wh-question |
| -z | -(al)izer (e.g. trz transitivizer) |
| pas | Pausative aspect |
| zo | zoic gender (animals) |
External links
- now they-OBL-GEN farm forever behind stay-FUT-NEG