Idavic languages/Swadesh
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The following is a comparative Swadesh list for Proto-Idavic and selected Idavic languages.
1-19 |
English | Proto-Idavic | Shalaian | Varkun | Netagin | Beron | Sésjallese |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | I | *-l, *li- | swil | hál | |||
2 | thou | *-d, *di- | swid (a); swidi (h) | hazj | |||
3 | he; she; it | fin (a); fer (h) | bbil (a) | ||||
4 | we | *-kʷa, kʷi- | sowh (ex); swiv (in) | háliŋ | |||
5 | you | *-nidi | swínid | hazjiŋ | |||
6 | they | fikh | bbilúr (a) | ||||
7 | this | se | se | ti | |||
8 | that | pi | fi | fi | |||
9 | here | rădun se, dunse | mit | ||||
10 | there | rădun fi, dunfi | mif | ||||
11 | who | khora | |||||
12 | what | ra | |||||
13 | where | rădun ra, dura | mira | ||||
14 | when | ||||||
15 | how | ||||||
16 | not | diH | die | dii | |||
17 | all | car | tsor | vikhon | |||
18 | many | imHe | mea | imee | |||
19 | some | toj | |||||
20-39 |
English | Proto-Ashanic | Shalaian | Varkun | Netagin | Beron | Sésjallese |
20 | few | hanib | |||||
21 | other | nătha | am | ||||
22 | one | ndHon | doan | ||||
23 | two | uHrät | rath | oorad | |||
24 | three | atsiw | stiw | txiv | |||
25 | four | amsHäk | smäch | khaag | |||
26 | five | umsHut | müets | omøøtx | |||
27 | big | šir | șir | khir | |||
28 | long | ṛbHoŋ | bruang | aavruu | |||
29 | wide | ḷgäb | glep (expected glap, influenced by clef 'heavy') | *awkhab | |||
30 | thick | baHnog | pănuc | ||||
31 | heavy | agleHp | clef (expected cleaf, influenced by glep 'wide') | akheef | |||
32 | small | aHdaj | doy | ||||
33 | short | ŋäj | ngay | ||||
34 | narrow | aclus | tslüs | ||||
35 | thin | sret | sreth | khet | |||
36 | woman | sǎmeang | |||||
37 | man (male) |
noaf | rakim | ||||
38 | person | lakof | croth | wako | |||
39 | child (a youth) |
akHat | chäth | akaad | |||
40-59 |
English | Proto-Ashanic | Shalaian | Varkun | Netagin | Beron | Sésjallese |
40 | wife | ||||||
41 | husband | ||||||
42 | mother | Hama | ăma | amaa | |||
43 | father | ep | ev | ||||
44 | animal | drHim | triem | ||||
45 | fish | tap | thof | rab | |||
46 | bird | rHuk | rüech | ||||
47 | dog | atäw | thaw | arav | |||
48 | louse | cid | tsit | ||||
49 | snake | Hlir | lier | ||||
50 | worm | ogiŋ | ging | ||||
51 | tree | ipsuš | spüș | ||||
52 | forest | uskej | scey |
ukeđđe | |||
53 | stick (of wood) |
bi-tän | păthan | ||||
54 | fruit | mHont | muad | ||||
55 | seed | draHs | troas | ||||
56 | leaf | egnol | cnul | ||||
57 | root | qäpand | ăfod | ||||
58 | bark (of tree) |
eglest | cleath | ||||
59 | flower | jär | yar | xar | yär | ||
60-79 |
English | Proto-Ashanic | Shalaian | Varkun | Netagin | Beron | Sésjallese |
60 | grass | nrpät | năfrath | ||||
61 | rope | besel | păsel | ||||
62 | skin (of a person) |
minew | mănew | ||||
63 | meat (as in flesh) |
ṛso | răsu | ||||
64 | blood | abreH | prea | ||||
65 | bone | ṇwok | ăwoch | ||||
66 | fat (noun) |
šuŋ | șüng | ||||
67 | egg | agrit | crith | ||||
68 | horn | mbräž | bräy | ||||
69 | tail | beniH | pănie | ||||
70 | feather (rather not down) |
npsŋä | spănga | ||||
71 | hair | ipnäw | fnaw | ||||
72 | head | ŋHu | ngüe | ||||
73 | ear | aspHel | speal | ||||
74 | eye | ṃbit | bith | ||||
75 | nose | gṛqi | cră'i | ||||
76 | mouth | ŋswak | swach | twag | |||
77 | tooth (rather not molar) |
ḷkoś | gloł | ||||
78 | tongue | edrok | troch | ||||
79 | fingernail | śṇdiH | łădie | ||||
80-99 |
English | Proto-Ashanic | Shalaian | Varkun | Netagin | Beron | Sésjallese |
80 | foot | rsob | srup | ||||
81 | leg | wämp | wab | ||||
82 | knee | muHd? mudH | müt | ||||
83 | hand | lpen | flen | ||||
84 | wing | ktsaHol | chtsual | ||||
85 | belly | msaH | smä | ||||
86 | guts | lboH | blua | ||||
87 | neck | qnel | nel | ||||
88 | back | tome | thăme | ||||
89 | breast | doc (Talmic) | |||||
90 | heart | Hros? roz? | ruas | ||||
91 | liver | tsaHläw | tsălaw | ||||
92 | to drink | ŋxur | hür | roob | |||
93 | to eat | crin | tsrin | ||||
94 | to bite | lișcoł | |||||
95 | to suck | mej | mey | ||||
96 | to spit | mbarH | boar | ||||
97 | to vomit | glHus | clües | ||||
98 | to blow (as wind) |
ksät | scath | khoo | |||
99 | to breathe | tsäś | tsał | ||||
100-119 |
English | Proto-Ashanic | Shalaian | Varkun | Netagin | Beron | Sésjallese |
100 | to laugh | täpi | tăfi | ||||
101 | to see | dHož | tuay | ||||
102 | to hear | ||||||
103 | to know (a fact) |
aHdä, nsär | da, mot mi snar | ||||
104 | to think | greH | crea | ||||
105 | to smell (sense odor) |
srua | |||||
106 | to fear | ponäk | mot mi fănach | ||||
107 | to sleep | nmHeg | tmeac | ||||
108 | to live | mărit | faay | ||||
109 | to die | ṛ-tkä | răchta | ||||
110 | to kill | šegi | șămci | ||||
111 | to fight | bago | pgu | ||||
112 | to hunt (transitive) |
arkaj | răchoy | ||||
113 | to hit | xśer | łer | ||||
114 | to cut | Hlen | lean | ||||
115 | to split | tomo | thămu | ||||
116 | to stab (or stick) |
jäst | yäth | ||||
117 | to scratch (an itch) |
qodar | ător | ||||
118 | to dig | modil | mătil | ||||
119 | to swim | śämäj | łămay | ||||
120-139 |
English | Proto-Ashanic | Shalaian | Varkun | Netagin | Beron | Sésjallese |
120 | to fly | xlot | lut | ||||
121 | to walk | qseHp | seaf | ||||
122 | to come | rdel | drel | ||||
123 | to lie (as on one's side) |
xdal | tol | ||||
124 | to sit | Hdor | dur | ||||
125 | to stand | Hbläŋ | plang | ||||
126 | to turn (change direction) |
gmäc | crămats | ||||
127 | to fall (as in drop) |
śobäw | łăpaw | ||||
128 | to give | ruH | rüe | ||||
129 | to hold (in one's hand) |
gwiś | cwił | ||||
130 | to squeeze | pHliq | flie | ||||
131 | to rub | tonenH | thăned | ||||
132 | to wash | druq | tișrü | ||||
133 | to wipe | ʔiHt | ieth | ||||
134 | to pull | śkaw | scaw | ||||
135 | to push | Htśaj | tsoy | ||||
136 | to throw | tikin | tăchin | ||||
137 | to tie | meret | măreth | ||||
138 | to sew | kleH | clea | ||||
139 | to count | qnoŋ | nung | ||||
140-159 |
English | Proto-Ashanic | Shalaian | Varkun | Netagin | Beron | Sésjallese |
140 | to say | xŋil | ngil | ||||
141 | to sing | ngichnur | |||||
142 | to play | dmos | tmus | ||||
143 | to float | qexp | eaf | ||||
144 | to flow | Hsmin | smin | ||||
145 | to freeze | qerbHa | răbo | ||||
146 | to swell | ŋnoš | cnuș | ||||
147 | sun | nHit | nieth | niid | |||
148 | moon | känd | chad | wereg | |||
149 | star | askiH | scie | askii |
ekiđđe | ||
150 | water | lban | blon | aabon | |||
151 | rain | drmaž | trămäy | ||||
152 | river | ayak | yoch | ||||
153 | lake | păträng (perhaps not reconstructible back to PLak) | |||||
154 | sea (as in ocean) |
lkem | chlem | ||||
155 | salt | murot | măruth | ||||
156 | stone | ketin | căthin | ||||
157 | sand | tipis | tăfis | ||||
158 | dust | qwimp | wib | ||||
159 | earth (as in soil) |
isnuh | snüe | ||||
160-179 |
English | Proto-Ashanic | Shalaian | Varkun | Netagin | Beron | Sésjallese |
160 | cloud | ||||||
161 | fog | ||||||
162 | sky | häms | häm | ham | |||
163 | wind (as in breeze) |
păłoa | |||||
164 | snow | măchup | mokub | ||||
165 | ice | tonäm | thănam | ronam | |||
166 | smoke | ||||||
167 | fire | säH | sä | ||||
168 | ashes | ||||||
169 | to burn (intransitive) |
||||||
170 | road | ||||||
171 | mountain | ||||||
172 | red | ||||||
173 | green | ||||||
174 | yellow | ||||||
175 | white | ||||||
176 | black | ||||||
177 | night | ||||||
178 | day (daytime) |
fnüd | enfa | ||||
179 | year | lă'och | |||||
180-199 |
English | Proto-Ashanic | Shalaian | Varkun | Netagin | Beron | Sésjallese |
180 | warm (as in weather) |
||||||
181 | cold (as in weather) |
||||||
182 | full | ||||||
183 | new | ||||||
184 | old | ||||||
185 | good | ||||||
186 | bad | ||||||
187 | rotten (as, a log) |
||||||
188 | dirty | ||||||
189 | straight | ||||||
190 | round | ||||||
191 | sharp (as a knife) |
||||||
192 | dull (as a knife) |
||||||
193 | smooth | ||||||
194 | wet | ||||||
195 | dry (adjective) |
||||||
196 | right (correct) |
||||||
197 | near | ||||||
198 | far | ||||||
199 | right (side) |
||||||
200-207 |
English | Proto-Ashanic | Shalaian | Varkun | Netagin | Beron | Sésjallese |
200 | left (side) |
||||||
201 | at | ||||||
202 | in | ||||||
203 | with (accompanying) |
||||||
204 | and | ||||||
205 | if | ||||||
206 | because | ||||||
207 | name | kom | chum | kom | kom |
No. | English | Siészal |
---|---|---|
1 | I | hál (informal) |
2 | you (singular) | azj (informal) |
3 | he | bbil (animate) |
4 | we | háliŋ (informal) |
5 | you (plural) | azjiŋ (informal) |
6 | they | bbilúrr (animate), bbifusúrr (inanimate) |
7 | this | a-, al (animate), afus (inanimate) |
8 | that | near 2: bbi-, bbil (animate), bbifus (inanimate); distal: ra-, ral (animate), rafus (inanimate) |
9 | here | ató |
10 | there | near 2: bbitó, distal: rató |
11 | who | ssal |
12 | what | which/what kind of X: tjivérr, which of two: hékumm |
13 | where | tjitó |
14 | when | tjihni |
15 | how | tjivérraff |
16 | not | rí- |
17 | all | kkúff |
18 | many | énvah |
19 | some | nnahah |
20 | few | ussíyah |
21 | other | mudu |
22 | one | adj |
23 | two | físj |
24 | three | iyav |
25 | four | ŋuzan |
26 | five | túl |
27 | big | ppallkkah |
28 | long | vvíyah |
29 | wide | llahmah |
30 | thick | xxisjtjah |
31 | heavy | návvah |
32 | small | zjuwah |
33 | short | ésarah |
34 | narrow | kkakkartah |
35 | thin | hŋéyah |
36 | woman | djuŋŋ |
37 | man (adult male) | zzít |
38 | man (human being) | llósj |
39 | child | rakku |
40 | wife | vvúlltja |
41 | husband | yalí |
42 | mother | sjumma |
43 | father | sjudda |
44 | animal | kkalltt |
45 | fish | óra |
46 | bird | híŋ |
47 | dog | nuhl |
48 | louse | haré |
49 | snake | ddúf |
50 | worm | éwsa |
51 | tree | sjayf |
52 | forest | usskk |
53 | stick | ŋadji |
54 | fruit | fédd |
55 | seed | yaxxá |
56 | leaf | dawrr |
57 | root | rróŋgi |
58 | bark (of a tree) | hllandj |
59 | flower | áll |
60 | grass | hédj |
61 | rope | ggarru |
62 | skin | allab |
63 | meat | raŋŋa |
64 | blood | vésji |
65 | bone | tjín |
66 | fat (noun) | hunvi |
67 | egg | kké |
68 | horn | aki |
69 | tail | ffúra |
70 | feather | llayind |
71 | hair | yósj |
72 | head | ssttána |
73 | ear | hóy |
74 | eye | nill |
75 | nose | téha |
76 | mouth | istu |
77 | tooth | sawdj |
78 | tongue (organ) | bbúda |
79 | fingernail | haski |
80 | foot | annddal |
81 | leg | lénd |
82 | knee | rraxtj |
83 | hand | bbár |
84 | wing | tallss |
85 | belly | bré |
86 | guts | ŋŋúli |
87 | neck | zzán |
88 | back | mazar |
89 | breast | ŋihni |
90 | heart | hallan |
91 | liver | rruhar |
92 | to drink | slayah |
93 | to eat | kanah |
94 | to bite | ŋíffah |
95 | to suck | yakkah |
96 | to spit | ttéyah |
97 | to vomit | axxttah |
98 | to blow | hrrágah |
99 | to breathe | yiŋufah |
100 | to laugh | hizrah |
101 | to see | ímah |
102 | to hear | fissttah |
103 | to know | vvandah |
104 | to think | hmáyah |
105 | to smell | ussíyah |
106 | to fear | X-TOPIC Y-NOM kkammayah ( = X fears Y) |
107 | to sleep | kkúyah |
108 | to live | lawrah |
109 | to die | sjtjíŋah |
110 | to kill | hnéddah |
111 | to fight | nóŋah |
112 | to hunt | sjagrah |
113 | to hit | zjikkah |
114 | to cut | xxúsjah |
115 | to split | ssŋŋóhah |
116 | to stab | rráxxah |
117 | to scratch | xxózjah |
118 | to dig | dabbah |
119 | to swim | bbllaxah |
120 | to fly | vrínnah |
121 | to walk | huvvah |
122 | to come | hribah |
123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ggíyah (lie down) |
124 | to sit | ihnah (sit down) |
125 | to stand | ŋúlah (stand up) |
126 | to turn (intransitive) | ayfah |
127 | to fall | zjúzjah |
128 | to give | ttuggah |
129 | to hold | gníffah |
130 | to squeeze | ssrruwah |
131 | to rub | spówah |
132 | to wash | nihrah |
133 | to wipe | sséyah |
134 | to pull | xrahah |
135 | to push | véllah |
136 | to throw | ttnnáyah |
137 | to tie | ffrrítjah |
138 | to sew | mallggah |
139 | to count | nnówah |
140 | to say | sjixxah |
141 | to sing | xxunnddafah |
142 | to play | dahllah |
143 | to float | zjínayah |
144 | to flow | ssaŋŋah |
145 | to freeze | yuŋkah |
146 | to swell | palah |
147 | sun | pass |
148 | moon | kalda |
149 | star | wihnu |
150 | water | rrá |
151 | rain | zérr |
152 | river | briyaŋ |
153 | lake | hédja |
154 | sea | laxxatt |
155 | salt | yawkk |
156 | stone | hŋŋáy |
157 | sand | ŋlimé |
158 | dust | djanu |
159 | earth | vvóll |
160 | cloud | skúdj |
161 | fog | hullál |
162 | sky | lóppu |
163 | wind | djukkarr |
164 | snow | zaŋŋkk |
165 | ice | ddól |
166 | smoke | tlór |
167 | fire | nnay |
168 | ash | ttága |
169 | to burn | léssah |
170 | road | zuhl |
171 | mountain | umm |
172 | red | ppawah |
173 | green | waygah |
174 | yellow | vvrrúwah |
175 | white | éttayah |
176 | black | yuŋgah |
177 | night | ssrrí |
178 | day | zjóll |
179 | year | lahi |
180 | warm | iriyah |
181 | cold | hunnah |
182 | full | zzrrukkuwah |
183 | new | wópiyah |
184 | old | sskkúhah |
185 | good | ŋŋussah |
186 | bad | óffah |
187 | rotten | ttúkuwah |
188 | dirty | hrruzzuwah |
189 | straight | ambéyah |
190 | round | flaŋŋah |
191 | sharp (as a knife) | wésjah |
192 | dull (as a knife) | yuffrrah |
193 | smooth | vvílsjah |
194 | wet | lákkah |
195 | dry | bálah |
196 | correct | waluwah |
197 | near | émmah |
198 | far | ddussnnah |
199 | right | zammu |
200 | left | óttu |
201 | at | -(i)ha, -ih |
202 | in | -arr ffáyih(a) |
203 | with | -tju (nouns), -ínih (clauses) |
204 | and | -tju, -tju tnáxa |
205 | if | -uxxí |
206 | because | -ázz |
207 | name | husj |