Proto-Hlou-Shum

Proto-Talsmic phonology

Proto-Talsmic reconstructed consonants
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		*m	*n
Plosive	voiceless	*p	*t	*c	*k	*q	*ʔ
	voiced	*b	*d	*ɟ	*g
	aspirated	*pʰ	*tʰ	*cʰ	*kʰ	*qʰ
Fricative	voiceless		*s	*ç			*h
Fricative	voiced		*z	*ƶ		*ʁ
Approximant		*w		*j		*ʁ
Trill			*r
Lateral app.			*l

/qʰ/ may have been realized as an affricate, [qχ].

ph, th, ƛh, kh, qh > resp. aspirates
First spirantization:
qʰ > χ

pʰ > f
Radicalization:
q > ʡ

χ > ħ
Assimilation of dentals:
ts, ths > ss

dz, thz > zz > later z

ƛs > ƛʰ

ƛz > λ
Some cluster changes:
tk > kt

tp, db, kp, gb > tv, dv, kv, gv (should be earlier than PTal?)

kt, łt, kþ > xt

pþ > ps

qt > ħt
Second spirantization:
tʰ > þ

kʰ > x

ƛʰ > ł

ʔC > C[+long]
C̓ʔ, Ch > Ce usually,
mʔ, nʔ, lʔ, rʔ > also mp, nt, lt, rt (especially in function morphemes)

mh, nh, lh, rh > also nf, nþ, lþ, rþ
Loss of laterals (nearly unique to Themsaran?):
ƛ > ŧ /ts/

ł > þ

λ > l, λλ > ld

ḽ > ð, ḽḽ > lð
Rhotacization:
z > r / _C[+voiced]

dl > rl
Epenthetic vowels are added:
CC[+resonant]# > CyC[+resonant]# and in many functional morphemes.
w > v (a velarized labiodental approximant)
ʁ / V_V, _C[+coronal] > v (a Themsarian-only sound change)
ʁ otherwise > ʕ
Loss of glottal stop:
- clitic =ʔ becomes final downstep
- vowel contractions: (~ denotes *ʔ or *h)
- *a~ > ā
- *a~e, *ajV *a~i > ae
- *aj, a~ī > ai
- *a~o, *awV(sometimes), *a~u > ao
- *aw, > au (sometimes)
- *e~C > eaC
- *ej, *ew, *e~ī > ei
- *e~u, *e~ū > ju, jū
- *ēj > ie
- *ē~ > ie (sometimes)
- *i~C > ieC
- *o~C > oaC
- *o~i, oj, u~i, uj > ȳ
- *o~ī > oi
- *ow > ū
- *u~C > uoC
- *u~ī > ui
ʕ > ħ
vv. zz > wv z
bb, dd, gg > mb, nd, ng
also qq ħħ > q ħ, lengthening previous vowel
Loss of word-final radicals:

C[+radical] > a / _#