User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51
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Tigal is a West Talmic language.
1: cēm > ciamh 2: tithōr > tythar 3: nazge > nég-L 4: dhaufe > dő-L 5: salir > selar 6: stām > stámh 7: rōde > ryadh-L 8: lorethe > lörath-L 9: farve > erbh-L 10: ħiōr > iar
Notes
- i - i-umlaut
- u - u-umlaut
- L - lenition
- N - eclipsis
- h - h-prothesis
Phonology
Consonants
Tigal has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 20 consonants, like most West Talmic languages.
| Labial | Alveolar | Lateral | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | [ɴ] | |||
| Stop/Affricate | tenuis | /b̥/ | /d̥/ | /ɡ̊/ | |||
| aspirated | /pʰ/ | /tʰ/ | /kʰ/ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | /f/ | /s/ | /ɬ/ | /x/ | /χ~ʁ~ʀ/ | /h/ |
| voiced | /v/ | /z/ | /ɮ/ | /ɣ/ | |||
| Trill | |||||||
| Approximant | /w/ | /ʟ/ | |||||
Notes
- The aspiration distinction is neutralized word-finally.
- Unaspirated consonants are half-voiced between vowels.
- /tʰ, d̥/ are alveolar [tʰ, d̥] for most speakers.
- /ɬ, ɮ/ is formally dental lateral fricatives [ɬ̪, ɮ̪], often alveolar [ɬ, ɮ] in colloquial speech.
- /s, z/ are alveolar retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek counterparts.
- /ŋ, kʰ, ɡ̊/ are usually velar [ŋ, kʰ, ɡ̊], but are often uvular [ɴ, qʰ, ɢ̊] next to /ʀ/ and /ʟ/.
- /ʟ/ is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant [ʁ̞ˤ] or a backed uvular approximant [ʁ̠̞] which may be pronounced with compressed lips [ʁ̞ˤᵝ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L. (This article uses /ʟ/ for simplicity.)
- It is vocalized in unstressed syllables to [ɤˁ].
- In classical singing and some dialects [ɫ] is used.
- /ʀ/ is a trill [ʀ] in careful speech. It is a fricative [ʁ] in casual speech which devoices to [χ] word-finally or after an aspirate or another fricative. The main features distinguishing /ʀ/ from /ʟ/ are greater frication and absence of pharyngealization in the former.
- In classical singing and some dialects [r] is used.
Mutations
| Grapheme | m | p | b | f | n | t | d | s | z | l | ŋ | c | g | r |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | /m/ | /pʰ/ | /p/ | /f/ | /n/ | /tʰ/ | /t/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ʟ/ | /ŋ/ | /kʰ/ | /k/ | /ʀ/ |
| Lenited | mh | ph | bh | fh | - | th | dh | sh | zh | - | - | ch | gh | - |
| IPA | /w/ | /f/ | /v/ | silent | - | /ɬ/ | /ɮ/ | /h/ | silent | - | - | /x/ | /ɣ/ | - |
| Eclipsed | - | bp | mb | bhf | - | dt | nd | zs | - | nl | - | gc | ŋg | - |
| IPA | - | /p/ | /m/ | /v/ | - | /t/ | /n/ | /z/ | - | - | - | /k/ | /ŋ/ | - |
Vowels
Tigel has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization.
| Front | Central | Back | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | ||||
| short | long | short | long | short | long | short | short | long | |
| Close | i /ɪ/ | í /iː/ | y /ʏ/ | ý /yː/ | ú /ʉː/ | u /ʊ/ | ul, úl /ʊˁː/ | ||
| Mid | e /ɛ/ | é /eː/ | ø /œ/ | ǿ /øː/ | e /ə/ | ó /ɵː/ | el [ɤˁ] | o /ɔ/ | ol, ól /ɔˤː/ |
| Open | á /æː/ | a /ɐ/ | al, ál /ɒˁː/ | ||||||
Diphthongs: ia ya ua il/íl/ial yl/ýl/yal el él øl ǿl /iə yə uə ɪɤˁ ʏɤˁ ɛɤˁ eɤˁ œɤˁ øɤˁ/
Notes
Close vowels
- /iː/ is close front unrounded [iː].
- /yː/ is close front rounded [yː]. Its rounding is compressed.
- /ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
- /ʊˁː/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
- In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
- /ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] or close-mid near-front unrounded [e̠].
- /ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ]. Its rounding is compressed.
- /ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠]. Its rounding is protruded.
Mid vowels
- /eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː].
- /øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [øː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː]. Its rounding is compressed.
- /ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
- /ɔˁː/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
- In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʌɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
- /ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽].
- /œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ]. Its rounding is compressed.
- [ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] when word-final.
- [ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
- /ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞]. Its rounding is protruded.
Open vowels
- /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ].
- /æː/ is open front unrounded front [aː], or near-open front unrounded [æː].
- /ɒˁː/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɒɤˁ] or [äɤˁ].
Umlaut
Words may undergo i-umlaut or u-umlaut under the addition of some affixes.
| Root vowel | a | a | e | é | i | í | ia | o | ó | u | ú | ua |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| u-umlaut | o | ó | ø | ǿ | y | ý | ya | - | - | - | - | - |
| i-umlaut | e | é | - | - | - | - | - | ø | ǿ | y | ý | ya |
L-colored vowels
Morphology
Nouns
Masculine vowel declension
Use ~ AW neuter determiner endings?
| clúda - 'time' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singular | Plural |
| Indefinite | clúda-L | clúdann |
| Definite | a clúda | clúdar |
| Construct | clúdath | clúdar |
Masculine consonantal declension
The mutation after the noun surfaces on adjectives and genitive nouns.
| suar - 'house' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singular | Plural |
| Indefinite | suar-N | suara-H |
| Definite | a shuar-L | suarann |
| Construct | suara-L | suarar |
Feminine vowel declension
Feminine consonant declension
| iamh - 'mother' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singular | Plural |
| Indefinite | iamh | iamhar |
| Definite | a n-iamh-N | a h-iamh-H |
| Construct | yamha-L | yamhar |