Old Kurmian

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Introduction

Old Kurmian is inspired by Old Irish.

Sound changes

AW: ie /i/ üh /y/ uh /u/ i /ɪ/ ü /ʏ/ u /ʊ/ e /ɛ/ ö /œ/ o /ɔ/ a /æ/ ei /ä/ ah /ɒ/ au /æʊ/ eu /ɔɪ/ eh /ɛɪ/ öh /œʏ/ oh /ɔʊ/ ir /iɻ/ ür /yɻ/ ur /uɻ/ er /ɛɻ/ ör /œɻ/ or /ɔɻ/ ar /äɻ/

æ, ä, ɒ, i, y, u, ɪ, ʏ, ʊ, ɛ, œ, ɔ, æʊ, ɔɪ, ɛɪ, œʏ, ɔʊ, iɻ, yɻ, uɻ, ɛɻ/œɻ, ɔɻ, äɻ > jæ, æ, ɑ, ji, ju, u, je, jo, o, jə, ə, ə, jɑ, we, e, jwe, əw, jiə, juə, wə, jəw, əw, ɑ

Phonology

Initials

Old Kurmian initials
Labial Coronal Coarticulated Velar Glottal
Nasal voiceless /m̊/ /n̊/ /ŋ̊!/ (/ŋ̊/)
voiced /m/ /n/ /ŋ!/ /ŋ/
Stop tenuis /p/ /t/ /!/ /k/ /ʔ/
aspirated /pʰ/ /tʰ/ /!ʰ/ /kʰ/
voiced /b/ /d/ /g!/ /g/
breathy voiced /bʱ/ /dʱ/ /g!ʱ/ /gʱ/
Fricative voiceless /f/ /s/ /ɧ/ /x/ /h/
voiced /z/ /ɧ̬/ /ɣ/
Trill /r/
Approximant /w/, /ɥ/ /l/ /j/

broad ŧ is postvelar /k̠ǃ/ while slender ŧ is prevelar /k̟ǃ/

Vowels

  Front Central Back
Close /ʲi/ /ʲiː/ /ʲʷi/ /ʲʷiː/ /(ʷ)u/ /(ʷ)uː/
Close-mid /ʲe/ /ʲeː/ /ʷeː/ /ʲʷe/ /ʲʷeː/ /ɤ/ /ɤː/ /ʷo/ /ʷoː/
Open /ʲa/ /aː/ /ʲaː/ /ʷa/ /ʲʷa/

Diphthongs: /ʲia ʲʷia ua/ written <ir ibhir ur>

Finals

Permissible finals: /-p -t -k -m -n -l -w -j/

Suprasegmentals

Each syllable could have two registers: plain (a á) and breathy (à â).

Grammar

Mutations

  • /pʰ/ <p> > /f/ /b/ /p/ (from AW pf)
  • /b/ <b> > /w/ /m/ /b/
  • /p/ <sp> > /p/ /m̊/ /p/
  • /f/ <f> > /0/ /w/ /f/ (from AW f and w)
  • /m/ <m> > /ṽ/ /m/ /m̊/
  • /m̊/ <sm>
  • /tʰ/ <t> > /θ/ /d/ /t/
  • /d/ <d> > /ð/ /n/ /d/
  • /t/ <st> > /t/ /n̊/ /t/
  • /s/ <z> > /h/ /z/ /s/
  • /z/ <s> > /0/ /z/ /z/
  • /n/ <n> > /n/ /n/ /n̊/
  • /n̊/ <sn>
  • /l/ <l>
  • /l̥/ <sl>
  • /r/ <sr>
  • /r̥/ <sr>
  • /!ʰ/ <ŧ> > /ɧ/ /g!/ /!/
  • /g!/ <đ> > /ɧ̬/ /ŋ!/ /g!/
  • /!/ <> > /!/ /ŋ̊!/ /!/
  • /ɧ/ <sc> > /h/ /ɧ̬/ /ɧ/
  • /ŋ!/ <> > /ŋ!/ /ŋ!/ /ŋ̊!/ (in loanwords)
  • /ŋ̊!/ <snđ> (in loanwords)
  • /kʰ/ <c> > /x/ /g/ /k/
  • /g/ <g> > /ɣ/ /ŋ/ <n-g> /gʰ/
  • /ŋ/ <ng> > /ŋ/ /ŋ/ /ŋ̊/ (in loanwords)
  • /ŋ̊/ <sng> (in loanwords)

Tenses

  • Present: is V S O, negation má V is S O
  • Past: do-L V S O, negation mádh-L V S O