Proto-Quame

From Linguifex
Revision as of 06:09, 8 January 2017 by IlL (talk | contribs) (→‎Morphemes)
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Proto-Quihum/Lexicon

The main source languages for the reconstruction of PQ are Ancient Wiebian, Thensarian, Naquian and Boot Polish.

Todo

Nsəlxcin Resources

  • ablaut patterns
    • combine with stress shifting rules?
  • determiner endings
  • verbs
  • derivational morphology
  • idea: tk, tq > sk, sq
  • there's a lot of nt's and st's - too much?
  • -əlx is gibby
  • -p could disappear/CL in both Pf and Tal
  • Cluster resolution - 1st and last consonant or second-to-last and last?

Morphemes

  • sta= = more
  • -s = verbal noun
    • Thensarian infinitive -s;
    • Wiebian verbal noun -s
  • -x = 2sg imperative
  • -aʔ, -ix = nominal affixes?
    • Wiebian -e, U-e
  • -lx = place nouns?
    • Wiebian -er
    • Thensarian -ly-m?
  • ʔal and ʔalʼ 'at, near' as variants
    • Wiebian er 'for' and Thensarian ar 'and'
  • t- = (interrogative morpheme)
    • Wiebian das words
    • Thensarian tis 'who' and tas 'what'
  • kʷ- = we, our (inc); emphatic; also 'here' (inc)?
    • the kʷi in kʷix̌əmʼ?
    • Wiebian was words
    • Thensarian cis 'this man' (sounds like Clofab cesin!)
  • nikt-s = 'thing' (< carry)?
    • Tíogall 'thing; not' < Thn. nīs (idem)
    • Wiebian nicht, nichts 'indeed'
  • kastʼ = 'accompany'
    • Wiebian Heste 'wife'
  • əyn = determiner
    • Wiebian ein (article)
  • hay! = vocative
    • Wiebian ei

Overview

Phonology

Consonants

The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ by Sjawu Panzux, and is now accepted by the majority of scholars.[1] Languages such as Adetsib have the most archaic consonant inventories.

Labial Coronal Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
central lateral plain labialized plain labialized
Nasal plain *m *n
glottalized *mʼ /mˀ/ *nʼ /nˀ/
Plosive plain *p *t *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
voiced *b *d *g *gʷ
ejective *pʼ *tʼ *kʼ *kʷʼ *qʼ *qʷʼ
Fricative *s /ɬ/ *x *xʷ *x̌ /χ/ *x̌ʷ /χʷ/ *h
Affricate plain *c /ts/ /tɬ/
voiced *z /dz/ /dɮ/
ejective *cʼ /tsʼ/ *ƛʼ /tɬʼ/
Resonant plain *l *y /j/ *w
glottalized *lʼ /lˀ/ *yʼ /jˀ/ *wʼ /wˀ/

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close *i *u
Mid
Open *a

Suprasegmentals

Stress was phonemic.

Phonotactics

Consonant clusters were allowed and could become complex, as in the Salishan languages.

Rules:

  • When initial reduplication occurs, glottalized initials deglottalize.

Grammar

Typology

The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.

Ablaut

Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots were inflected in different ablaut grades.

Determiners

Should have some syncretism

can spam laryngeals and clusters

  • r < PQ nʼ, wʼ, lʼ, l (+clusters)
  • m < PQ m, mʼ (+clusters)
  • n < PQ n (+clusters)
  • s < PQ tʼ, s, c, cʼ
  • e < PQ laryngeals, -p, -i
  • -0 < PQ -0, -p, -a, -ə


Ahn 'father' - masculine
Singular Plural
Indef. nom. eine Ahn einen Ahn
Def. nom. ein Ahn einer Ahn
Indef. acc. ein Ahn einer Ahn
Def. acc. einem Ahn eines Ahn
Indef. gen. einem Ahn eines Ahn
Def. gen. eine Ahn einen Ahn


Mahl 'mother' - feminine
Singular Plural
Indef. nom. einem Mahl eines Mahl
Def. nom. eine Mahl einen Mahl
Indef. acc. eine Mahl einen Mahl
Def. acc. ein Mahl einer Mahl
Indef. gen. ein Mahl einer Mahl
Def. gen. einem Mahl eines Mahl


Ŧeib 'chalice' - neuter
Singular Plural
Indef. nom. ein Ŧeib einer Ŧeib
Def. nom. einem Ŧeib eines Ŧeib
Indef. acc. einem Ŧeib eines Ŧeib
Def. acc. eine Ŧeib einen Ŧeib
Indef. gen. eine Ŧeib einen Ŧeib
Def. gen. ein Ŧeib einer Ŧeib

Nominals

Plurals were formed by reduplication (as in Salish languages).

Plural: kawʼqs 'raven' > kəkáwʼqs

Pronouns

bi-: transitivizer? 3rd person object affix?

Verbs

Verbs were conjugated for subject, aspect, mood, evidentiality, and voice.

  • Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person m/f/n, and perhaps collective
  • Aspects: present, preterite, stative
  • Evidentiality: direct, hearsay, unclear memory, quotative, inferential
  • Moods: {Indicative, desiderative, jussive, optative}, {mirative, subjunctive}, imperative
  • Voices: Active, mediopassive, causative

Ablaut grades

  • present: a-grade
  • preterite: i-grade
  • stative: zero-grade?
  • verbal noun: u-grade

TAM affixes

  • -x - 2sg imperative

Tense/Agreement suffixes

Subject markers:

  • 1sg: -n
  • 2sg: -y'
  • 3sg.m: -m
  • 3sg.f: -c
  • 3sg.n: -0
  • 1pl.ex: -maʔ
  • 2pl: -tkʷ
  • 3pl: -ti

Object markers:

  • 1sg: n-
  • 2sg: l'-
  • 3 (animate): b-
  • 3 (neuter): k-
  • 1pl.ex: m-
  • 1pl.in: d-
  • 2pl: c'-

Some etymologies

  • 1: *x̌əmʼ-; *kʷi-x̌əmʼ- 'only one'
  • 2: *tił-x̌ulʼ
  • 3: *nazg-
  • 4: *λawpʼ-
  • 5: *calił
  • 6: *sta-x̌əm-ʼ 'one more'; *qʷ’əl’
  • 7: *nʼəxʷd
  • 8: *lx̌ʷzitʼ
  • 9: *pʼalʼgʷ
  • 10: *q’əyʼ-x̌ulʼ
  • step/level: *naycʼ ('20' in Talsmic)
  • stone: *ƛʼecqʷ
  • water: *yənqʷʼ
  • day: *m’ul

Sample text

On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses". The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool". Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.

References

  1. ^ Panzux, Sj. Fóidilinn le caoigháthadh an Cvicham