User:IlL/Spare pages 1/45
IlL/Spare pages 1/45 is an agglutinative language inspired by German, Khmer and Kaidu.
ẞahng = father
Nßäht = tree
Paŕer = stone
Ntŕahg = child
je = who
jan = what
jang = where
jies = how many
ßan, eir, buhz, jåhnß, ßeng, zkühnt, ntöü, nuot, ngiat, zråht [san, eir, ɓuːc, jɔːⁿs, ˈseŋ, ckyːⁿt, ⁿdøy, nuət, ŋiat, crɔːt]
wint = negative
nkelei Pientenk tur Boyenk. = I speak of love and hate.
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
Wiobian uses the following 24 consonants:
| Labial | Alveolar | Medial | Velar | Lab.vel. | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ń /ɲ/ | ng /ŋ/ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | z /c/ | k /k/ | qu /kʷ/ | |
| prenasalized | mp /ᵐb/ | nt /ⁿd/ | ńz /ᶮɟ/ | nk /ᵑg/ | nqu /ᵑgʷ/ | ||
| Fricative | plain | f /f~v/ | ß /s~z/ | s /ç~ʝ/ | g /x~ɣ/ | h /h/ | |
| prenasalized | mf /ᵐv/ | nß /ⁿz/ | |||||
| Liquid | r /r/; l /l/ | ŕ /ɹ/ | |||||
| Approximant | j /j/ | w /w/ | |||||
- Notes
- Voiceless plosives are not aspirated.
- /ᵐb ⁿd ᶮɟ ᵑg/ devoice to [ᵐp ⁿt ᶮc ᵑk] word-finally.
- The fricatives ß s g are voiced intervocalically.
- Gemination is phonemic.
Vowels
Wiobian has short and long versions of the following monophthongs (except for /ə/ which only occurs in unstressed syllables). Long vowels are marked with a following h.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | ü /y/ | u /u/ |
| Close-mid | e /e/ | ö /ø/ | o /o/ |
| Mid | (e /ə/) | ||
| Open-mid | ä /ɛ/ | å /ɔ/ | |
| Open | a /a/ |
Diphthongs: ai au ei öü ou ia ie io iu üö uo
Prosody
Stress
Most of the time, the stress falls on the first syllable. Exceptions are verb prefixes and sesquisyllables.
Intonation
Phonotactics
The syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C)s, where V can be a vowel or a diphthong.
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
| Nominative | Nßäht | |
|---|---|---|
| Accusative* | Nßähter | |
| Genitive | Nßähtem | |
| Illative/Inessive | Nßähtel | |
| Elative | Nßähtels | |
| Allative/Adessive | Nßähten | |
| Dative | Nßähtene | |
| Ablative | Nßähtens | |
| Instrumental/Comitative | Nßähtemp | |
| Essive | Nßähtezz | |
| Translative | Nßähtenk | |
| Abessive | Nßähtmakk | |
- The accusative is used only in certain set phrases in Modern Tei.
Plurals are formed with nto-, so: Ntonßäht (trees), Ntonßähtem (of trees), ...
Article
The equivalent of the definite article in Tei is a classifier (as in Hmong), but it's placed after the noun and carries the case marker. The noun before a classifier is prescriptively in the genitive case, but it's often dropped.
- Nßäht koþem (presc. and in older Tei Nßähtem koþem) 'of the tree'
- Nßähtem 'of a tree'
Pronouns
| Pronouns | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||
| 1 | nkohz | tahs | |
| 2 | mei | wäll | |
| 3 | mpa (animate), mpi (inanimate) | ||
Case suffixes attach to nkuo-, tah-, mei-, and wäh- respectively: nkuom Mpahng = my hand nkuols = from me; about me
Verbs
Subject affixes
| Subject affixes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||
| 1 | nke- | te- | |
| 2 | en- | le- | |
| 3 | - | ||
These are really clitic forms of pronouns. So for example "nkelei" has the same connotation as "nkohz lei", but "nkohz nkelei" is emphatic, like saying "Myself, I speak".
Verbs otherwise don't inflect.
Action nouns are formed with the suffix -(e)me, from the genitive clitic followed by an eroded form of ion (to do). For example: Leime = speaking
Syntax
The unmarked word order in Tei is SVO. Due to the influence of Tsjoen, Modern Tei is quite strict about it (though objects could be fronted for emphasis).