Mudaniya
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Post Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | q /q/ | î /ʔ/ | |||||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | ĝ /ɢ/ | |||||||
| Ejectives | p' /pʼ/ | t' /tʼ/ | k' /kʼ/ | ||||||||
| Implosives | b' /ɓ/ | d' /ɗ/ | g' /ɠ/ | ||||||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | |||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | þ /θ/ | s /s/ | c /ʃ/ | x /χ/ | ĥ /ħ/ | h /h/ | |||
| voiced | v /v/ | ð /ð/ | z /z/ | j /ʒ/ | r /ʁ/ | ŷ /ʕ/ | |||||
| Approximant | voiceless | ŵ /ʍ/ | |||||||||
| voiced | w /w/ | y /j/ | |||||||||
| Lateral Approximant | l /l/ | ||||||||||
*allophone
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i /i~ɪ/ | u /u~ʊ/ |
| Low | a /a~æ/ |
Grammar
Verbs
Participles
| Tense | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Present | C1u-C2uC3 | C1u-C2u-C3u |
| Past | C1u-C2iC3 | C1u-C2i-C3i |
| Future | C1i-C2aC3 | C1i-C2a-C3a |
Tenses
| Tense | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | C1u-C2aC3 | C1u-C2a-C3a |
| Present | a-C1u-C2uC3 | a-C1u-C2u-C3u |
| Perfect | sa-C1u-C2iC3 | sa-C1u-C2i-C3i |
| Imperfect | C1u-C2i-C3-at’ | C1u-C2i-C3-it’ |
| Habitual Past | ma-C1u-C2iC3 | ma-C1u-C2i-C3i |
| Historical Past | ĥi-C1u-C2iC3 | ĥa-C1u-C2i-C3i |
| Recent Past | nu-C1u-C2iC3 | nu-C1u-C2i-C3i |
| Simple Future | ti-C1i-C2aC3 | ti-C1i-C2a-C3a |
| Near Future | b’a-C1i-C2aC3 | ba-C1i-C2a-C3a |
Nouns
Pronouns
| Person | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| First | nala | naluq | nalud |
| Second | p'asa | p'asuq | p'asud |
| Third | gala | galuq | galud |
| Zeroth | vaka | vakuq | vakud |